THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



FUTURE. FUTURE ANTERIOR. 



IT pleuvra, it will fain. \ II aura plu, it u-ill have rained. 



CONDITIONAL MOOD. 



PRESENT. PAST. 



IT pleuvrait, it would rain. \ II aurait plu, it would have 



rained. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

 PRESENT. PAST. 



Qu'il pleuve, that it may rain. \ Qu'il ait plu, that it may have 



rained. 



IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. 



Qu'il plut, that it might rain. \ Qu'il eut plu, that it might have 



rained. 



62. FORMATION OP THE TENSES. 



(1.) The tenses of French verbs are divided into simple and 

 compound [see 46 (7)]. The simple tenses are those which 

 are formed by means of endings added to the stem, without the 

 help of any auxiliary verb. The compound tenses are those 

 which are composed of the tenses of one of the auxiliaries 

 avoir and 6tre and the past participle of the leading verb. 



(2.) Among the simple tenses, five are called primitive, be- 

 cause they serve to form the others, which are called deriva- 

 tives. 



(3.) The five primitive tenses are: 1st, the present of the 

 infinitive ; 2nd, the present participle ; 3rd, the past participle, 

 4th, the present of the indicative ; and 5th, the past definite of 

 the indicative. 



(4.) The present infinitive forms two tenses, viz., the future 

 of the indicative, and the present of the conditional, as 

 follows : 



1st. The future by adding to the infinitive the endings of the 

 present indicative of avoir, viz. : ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont ; as, 

 chanter, je chanter-ai, etc. ; finir, je finir-ai, etc. ; recevoir, je 

 recevr-ai, etc. ; vendre, je vendr-ai, etc. 



NOTE. Before those endings are added, oi must be sup- 

 pressed from the infinitives of the 3rd Conjugation, and e from 

 those of the 4th. 



2ndly. The present of the conditional by adding to the infi- 

 nitive the endings of the imperfect indicative of avoir, viz. : 

 ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient ; as, chanter, je chanter-ais, etc. ; 

 finir, je finir-ais, etc. ; recevoir, je recevr-ais, etc. ; vendre, je 

 vendr-ais, etc. 



NOTE. Before those endings are added, oi must be sup- 

 pressed from the infinitives of the 3rd Conjugation, and e from 

 those of the 4th. 



(5.) Three tenses are formed from the present participle, 

 viz. : the plural of the present indicative, the whole of the im- 

 perfect indicative, and the present subjunctive, as follows : 



1st. The plural of the present indicative, by changing ant 

 into ons, ez, ent ; as, chantant, nous chant-ons, etc. ; finissant, 

 nous finiss-ons, etc. ; recevant, nous recev-ons, etc. ; vendant, 

 nous vend-ons, etc. 



NOTE. In verbs of the 3rd Conjugation, the e, which in the 

 present participle precedes v, is changed into oi in the third 

 person plural of the present indicative : recevant, ils re- 

 oivent. 



2ndly. The imperfect indicative by changing ant into ais, 

 ais, ait, ions, iez, aient ; as, chantant, je chant-ais, etc. ; 

 finissant, je finiss-ais, etc. ; recevant, je recev-ais, etc. ; ven- 

 dant, je vend-ais, etc. 



3rdly. The present subjunctive, by changing ant into e, es, 

 e, ions, iez, ent ; as, chantant, que je chant-e, etc. ; finissant, 

 que je finiss-e, etc. ; recevant, que je re9oiv-e, etc. ; vendant, 

 que je vend-e, etc. 



NOTE. In verbs of the 3rd Conjugation, the e, which in the 

 present participle precedes v, is changed into oi in every person 

 of the present subjunctive in which v is followed by e, es, 

 ent ; e.g., recevant, que je receive, que tu receives, qu'il re- 

 90ive, qu'ils re9oivent ; but this change does not occur in the 

 first two persons plural, in which v does not precede e mute : 

 que nous recevions, que vous receviez. 



(6.) The past participle forms all the compound tenses by 

 being added to the various tenses of avoir or 6tre ; as, j'ai 

 chante", je suis alle", il avait dine", ils e"taient partis, etc. 



(7.) The present indicative forms the imperative by leaving 

 out in the latter the pronouns je, notts, and vous ; as, je 



chante, chante; nous finissons, finissons; vous recevez, re- 

 cevez. 



NOTE. The French imperative has no third person; that 

 which is given in this work, for the convenience of students, 

 belongs to the present subjunctive. 



(8.) From the past definite of the indicative is formed the 

 imperfect subjunctive by adding to the second person singular 

 of the former the following endings : se, ses, sions, siez, sent ; 

 as, tu chantas, que je chantas-se, etc. ; tu finis, que je finis-se, 

 etc. ; tu re9us, que je re9us-se, etc. ; tu vendis, que je vendis-se, 

 etc. 



As to the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive, 

 it is also formed from the second person singular of the past 

 indicative, but by changing the final s of the latter into t, 

 and putting a circumflex accent on the foregoing vowel ; as, 

 tu chantas, qu'il chantat ; tu finis, qu'il finlt ; tu re9us, qu'il 

 ; tu vendis, qu'il vendlt. 



LESSONS IN SPANISH. I. 



ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. 

 THE SPANISH ALPHABET. 



THE Spanish Alphabet contains twenty-eight characters or 

 letters : a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, I, II, m, n, n, o, p, q, r, s, 

 t, u, v, x, y, z. 



Of these letters, a, e, i, o, u are always vowels ; y is also a 

 vowel when it begins or ends a syllable or word, or when it 

 stands alone : the other letters are consonants. The consonant.s 

 are divided into semi-vowels and mutes ; the semi-vowels being 

 f, h, I, U, m, n, ii, r, s, x ; and the mutes, b, c, ch, d, g, j, k, p, 

 q, t, V, z. 



SOUND OF THE SIMPLE VOWELS. 



A, in Spanish, has invariably the sound of a in the English 

 word far. 



E has the sound of a in made, or e in they. 

 I has the sound of ee in see, or i in machine. Y, when a 

 vowel, has the same sound. 

 O has the sound of o in go. 

 U has the sound of oo in mood, or u in rude. 



SOUND OF THE CONSONANTS. 



B, F, K, L, M, N, P sound as in English. 



C before a, o, or u, or before a consonant, sounds like c in 

 the English word cart ; as, came, poco, cuna, creo ; pronounced 

 kar'-ney, p6-ko, koo-nah, kray'-o. 



C before e or i sounds like th in the English word think; as, 

 cecina, cima; pronounced thay-thee'-nah, thee'-mah. 



CH is considered as one letter in Spanish, and is always 

 sounded like ch in the English word church ; as, nocJw, chapa ; 

 pronounced no-chay, chah'-pah. 



D sounds as in English, except at the end of words ; then it 

 has a sound nearly like th in the English word hath; as 

 Madrid, pronounced Madreeth. 



G before a, o, u, or a consonant, sounds hard, as in the 

 English words gate, go; as, goce, greba, gula; pronounced 

 go-thay, gray'-bah, goo'-lah. 



GU, in the syllables guc and gui, unless there be a diseresis 

 called crema (") over the u, is always sounded like the simple 

 g hard, as in the English words guest, guilt ; as, gueta, guita ; 

 pronounced gay'-tah, gee-tah. When the diuresis is over the u 

 it is not mute, but has its proper sound ; as, agiielo ; pro- 

 nounced ah-goo-ail'-o, or ah-gway'-lo. 



G before e or i has in all cases the guttural sound of the 

 Spanish j. 



H is always a silent letter; as, hace, higo ; pronounced 

 ah'-thay, e4-go. 



J has always a guttural sound, somewhat like the English h in 

 alcohol, strongly aspirated. It is the guttural sound of the ch 

 in the German words nacht and nicht, and of the ch in the 

 Scotch words loch, cloch, and can therefore be learnt from any 

 German or Scotchman. The learner must bear in mind that 

 the sound of the Spanish g before e or i is the same guttural 

 sound. 



K is not used in Spanish, being found only in foreign words, 

 when it is sounded like the same letter in English. 



LL sounds like li inpavilion, or Hi in million ; as, silla, lloro ; 

 pronounced seel'-yah, lyo-ro. 



