34 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



expanse of lobed thallus of a clear olive green, with a sort of 

 raised veining, which leaves the general surface of the frond 

 depressed and pitted. The under side is very beautiful, the 

 colour a soft buff, the texture velvety, and the parts which 

 form pits on the upper surface rising into rounded protu- 

 berances. The apothecia are set on the thallus a little within 

 the margin, and are formed of circular shields of a red hue, and 

 placed in groups of three or four together. The whole of one 

 side the trunk of that lofty tree is densely clothed with this 

 beautiful creeping plant. But let us now draw your atten- 

 tion to the groups of fine hawthorns which are round us : 

 observe how every twig and spray is beset with a coating of 

 green so vivid, so exquisitely bright, that you can scarcely 

 believe it is not beginning to exhibit its own verdant spring 

 foliage. Gather a branch, and you will find that this too is 

 a lichen one of the Parmelias. It is green when young ; but 

 when mature, becomes of a brilliant sulphury yellow. If 

 you examine the branch you have gathered with a magnifier, 

 you will see the thallus of the lichen to be lobed and plaited, 

 the lobes overlapping each other "in much-admired confusion." 

 From the surface of this imbricated mass of foliage stand out 

 very many circular shields, raised like little salvers, and 

 plainly distinguishable by the naked eye, although more satis- 

 factorily defined with the aid of a lens : these are the apo- 

 thecia which contain the spores. But now let us proceed to 

 the moor, only observing, that there is scarcely an object 

 that we pass which has not more or less of lichen-growth 

 upon it : the black patches on those stones, the mealy crust 

 on that gate, the splashes of yellow, and black, and white, and 

 grey, and the tufts of glaucous moss on the park palings, all 

 are lichens, and all add to the beauty and diversity of the 

 colouring which enlivens the aspect of the country in winter. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LIV. 



30. THE NEW DECLENSION. 



Singular. 



Nom. 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



MASC. 

 -C, 



-en, 

 -en, 

 -en, 



FEM. 



-e, 

 -en, 

 -en, 

 -e, 



Plural. 



FOR ALL GENDERS. 



-cn. 

 -en. 

 -en.- 

 -en. 



31. RULE FOE ADJECTIVES. 

 (1.) When immediately preceded and restricted by the definite 

 article, by a relative or demonstrative pronoun, or by an indefi- 

 nite numeral declined after the ancient form, the adjective fol- 

 lows the new form of declension. 



EXAMPLES. 

 Singular. 



MASCULINE. FEMININE. 



Nom. 5)er gute 2Jiaim, the good 3)te gute Srau, the good woman. 



man. [good man. [woman. 



Gen. 5)eg guten 2Rannc3. of the Dec guten 8rnu, of the good 



Dat. >em guten 'Dfanuc, to the 3>cr gutcit Srau, to the good 



good man. [man. woman. 



Ace. 3)en gitten 2)lann, the good 3Me gute &rau, the good woman. 



NEUTER. 



Nom. )a3 gute .fitnb, the good child. 

 Gen. 2>c>3 guten .JttntcS, of the good child. 

 Dat. S)cm guten J?inte, to the good child. 

 Ace. 55a8 gute J?tnk, the good child. 



Plural. 



MASCULINE. FEMININE. 



Nom. JDte guten banner, the good 3Mc guten Srauen, the good women 



men. [good men. [women 



Gen. 5)cr guten Scanner, of the S5cr guten grauen, of the gooc 



Dat. 3)en guten aftflnncvn, to the 5)cn guten Srauen, to the gopc 



good men. [men. women. 



Ace. 3Mc guten SDicinncr, the good <Diegutcngtaucn, the good women 



Nom. "Die guten Jtinfccr, the good children. 

 Gen. 35cr guten ft inter, of the good children. 

 Dat. Den guten Jtintcrn, to the good children. 

 Ace. 5)ie guten Jlinbcr, the good children. 



The words referred to in the rule are 



Stftcfyer, some, seve- 

 ral. 

 2Jiancf>er, many a. 



35er, the. olcfyer, such. 



SDtefer, this. Seber, jeglicfjer, each. 



Sener, that. 3lttcr, every, all. 



SBelcfjer, who, which. (Sintger, some,several. 



When toetcfyer, fclcfyer, and manner appear without the termina- 

 iions of declension, the adjective assumes the suffixes denoting 

 render, .etc. Thus, mancl) fcfyoneg '-BUt, many a beautiful picture. 



With many authors it is the custom to reject the final n of 

 ;he nom. and ace. plural of adjectives preceded by etntge, etUcfye, 

 mcfjrere, mancfje, ride, a((e, welctye, folctye, and menige ; as : Sinige 

 teutfcfje JJciifcr, some German emperors. 



32. MIXED DECLENSION. 

 After the words 



5>ctn, thy, thine, 



@etn, his, its, 



3I)r, her, your, their, 



an adjective assumes in the nominative singular of the mascu- 

 line, feminine, and neuter, and in the accusative singular of the 

 feminine and neuter, the terminations proper to the ancient 

 form. 



TERMINATIONS OF THE MIXED DECLENSION. 



Singular. Plural. 



MASC. FESI. NEUT. FOR ALL GENDERS. 



in, a, an, 

 .Rein, no, none, 

 SRetn, my, mine, 



Itnfer, our, 

 Suet, your, 



Nom. -ct (old form), -e, 



Gen. -cn, ' -cn, 



Dat -cn, -cn, 



Ace. -cn, -e, 



-e8 (old form), -cn. 



-en. -cn. 



-cn. -en. 



-c8 (old form), -en. 



It must bo added, also, that the personal pronouns, id), I; bit, 

 thou ; cv, he ; fie, she ; e3, it ; ttnr, wo ; ifir, ye or you ; fie, they, 

 cause the adjective before which they stand generally to take 

 this mixed form of declension. 



33. RULE FOR ADJECTIVES. 



(1.) When the adjective is immediately preceded and re- 

 stricted by the indefinite article, by a personal or possessive 

 pronoun, or by the word f cin, it assumes the endings charac- 

 teristic of the mixed declension. 



EXAMPLES. 

 Singular. 



MASCULINE. FEMININE. 



Sin gutcr JBvufcer, a good SJietne gute @d;n>efter, my good 



brother. sister. 



6'tncS ijutcn SSrutcr?, of a SDIciner guteu cljVDefter, of my 



good brother. good sister. 



G'ir.cm guten '-Brubcr, to a OO^ctncr gutcit rtyttiefter, to my 



good brother. good sister. 



Ginen guten SBruber, a good SDieine gute cfjnxfter, my good 



brother. sister. 



NEUTER. 



Nom. Itnfer guteS <au8, our good house. 



Gen. llnfctg guten SaitfcS, of our good house. 



Dat. Unfernt guten J&aufc, to our good house. 



Ace. Unfer guteg ^auS, our good house. 



Plural. 



FEMININE. NEUTER. 



QJicinc guten c^meftern, my llnfre guten -&aufer, our good! 



good sisters. houses. 



SJJeiner guten @d;tt>eftern, of Uufvcv guten ^Jdufcr, of our good 



my good sisters. houses. 



3JIeinen guten cfynjcftcrn, to Unfcrn guten ^aui'em, to our good 



my good sisters. houses. 



9Jicine guten cfyrccficrn, my llnfre guten Saufer, our good 



good sisters. houses. 



Nom, 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 

 Ace. 



Nom, 

 Gen. 

 Dat. 



Ace. 



34. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ADJECTIVES. 



(1.) When several consecutive adjectives come before and 

 qualify the same noun, each has the same form which, according 

 to the preceding rules, it would have if standing alone ; as : 

 (Sitter, rotfyet, lautrer SBetn, good, red, pure wine. 55 te retfe, fcfyune, 

 gute 3ntrf;t, the ripe, beautiful, good fruit. 



(2.) But when of two adjectives which relate to the same 

 noun, the second forma with the noun an expression for a single 



