Till-] UNI VE RS ITIES. 



61 



numerator shows that twice as many of these factors are to bo 

 multiplied together. Henoo tho value in not altered. 



!>. MI the preceding article it will bo easily seen that a frac- 

 tional index may be expressed in decimali. 



EXAMPLE. Thus o' = a*, or a ' 4 ; that is, the square root 

 is equal to the fifth power of tho tenth root 



many cases, however, the decimal can be only an 

 motion to the true index. 



THE UNIVERSITIES. XI. 



EDINBURGH. 



IN our former articles on the subject of the Universities, we 

 have treated at some length on the educational advantages of 

 thoso of Oxford and Cambridge. We come now to the col- 

 legiate institutions of the North. 



Tho four Universities of Scotland Edinburgh, St. Andrews, 

 Glasgow, and Aberdeen aro more democratic or popular in 

 their constitution and government tVan the sister Universities 

 of Oxford and Cambridge. On this account, and owing also to 

 the comparative lowness of the class fees, many of the students 

 annually attending those institutions are the sons of small 

 farmers, crofters, and people in humble circumstances. The 

 privileges and efficiency of tho four Universities of Scotland were 

 augmented by an Act passed in 1858, which made provision for 

 improving and regulating the course of study in the universities, 

 and also for their better government and discipline. Each 

 university is now a corporation, consisting of a chancellor, rector, 

 principal, professors, registered graduates, and matriculated 

 students. 



In accordance with certain clauses of the " Representation 

 of the People (Scotland) Act," 31st and 32nd Viet., tho Uni- 

 versities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews were combined into one 

 constituency, and the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen into 

 another constituency, for the purpose ot returning two repre- 



sentatives to Parliament an arrangement which has been very 

 advantageous. 



Of the Scottish Universities, that of Edinburgh, which has 

 tho largest number of professors and students, is first entitled 

 to our consideration, on account of it* celebrity iu philosophy 

 and medical science. 



8EH8IONB, CLA88B8, AMD FEES. 



There are two sessions of the classes in each year namely, 

 the winter session, in which the classes in all the Faculties 

 meet, which opens about the end of October, and ends with 

 April ; and the summer session, which opens early in May and 

 ends with July. There is no- professorial summer session in 

 the Faculty of Arts ; but tutorial classes in Latin, Greek, 

 Mathematics, and Natural Philosophy are open for student* 

 who have attended a winter course on these subjects. 



In the Faculty of Arts the classes include Latin, Greek, 

 Mathematics, Logic and Metaphysics, Moral Philosophy, 

 Natural Philosophy, Rhetoric and English Literature ; as well 

 as Practical Astronomy, Agriculture and Rural Economy. 

 Music, Sanscrit and Comparative Philology, Engineering (Civil 

 and Mechanical), Geology and Mineralogy, Commercial and 

 Political Economy, Mercantile Law, Theory of Education, Fine 

 Art, and Celtic Languages and Literature. Tho annual ex- 

 pense for Class Fees, etc., comes to about 10 10s. 



In the Faculty of Divinity tho classes are Divinity, Ji 

 and Oriental Languages, Ecclesiastical History, Biblical 

 Criticism and Biblical Antiquities. The fee in each class i- 

 3 3s. 



In the Faculty of Law the classes are Civil Law, Law (.f 

 Scotland, Medical Jurisprudence, Public Law, Conveyancing. 

 Constitutional History, Commercial and Political Economy, and 

 Mercantile Law. The fee in Civil Law and Law of Scotland 

 classes is 5 5s., including the summer session, and in the other 

 classes 3 3s. and 4 4s. 



In the Faculty of Medicine the classes comprise Materia 

 Medica, Chemistry, Surgery, Institutes of Medicine, Midwifery, 

 Clinical Surgery, Clinical Medicine, Anatomy, Practical Ana- 

 tomy, Anatomical Demonstrations, Natural History, Practice 

 of Physic, General Pathology, Botany, and Medical Juris- 

 prudence. In Practical Anatomy the fee is 3 3s., in Anatom- 

 ical Demonstrations, ^82 2s., and in most of the other classes 

 of the Faculty, 1 4s. Annual tickets of 6 6s., and half- 

 yearly tickets of .4 4s., give admission to the Demonstrations 

 in the Royal Infirmary. 



The matriculation or entrance fee is 1 for the academical 

 year. 



GRADUATION IN ARTS. 



The ordinary curriculum in tho Faculty of Arts, with a view 

 to a degree, extends over four winter sessions : but students 

 who pass an entrance examination in Latin, Greek, and Mathe- 

 matics, showing that they are qualified to be admitted at once 

 to the higher classes, may complete the Arts curriculum, with 

 a view to graduation, within three winter sessions, and may also 

 dispense with a second session at the Mathematical classes. 



By the regulations, candidates for the degree of Master of 

 Arts aro examined on all the subjects of instruction, embraced 

 in the ordinary curriculum of study in the faculty. The Curri- 

 culum comprehends tho classes of Latin, Greek, Mathematics, 

 Logic and Psychology, Moral Philosophy, Natural Philosophy 

 and Rhetoric and English Literature, which must be attended 

 regularly before graduation. The examination on the three de- 

 partments of ( 1 ) Latin and Greek ; on (2) Logic and Meta- 

 physics, Moral Philosophy, and English Literature ; and on (3) 

 Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, may take place at suc- 

 cessive intervals during the curriculum. 



The examinations are held in April and October. 



On completing the pass or ordinary examinations, students 

 may graduate in Arts with Honours, by offering themselves 

 for a further examination, which is conducted iu writing, or 

 partly viva voce. The four departments any one or more of 

 wh'ch they may select, are Classical Literature, Philosophy, 

 Mathematics and Physics, and Natural Science. In the first 

 three of these departments there are first and second class 

 honours. 



Tho following is a specimen list of subjects for tho Ordinary 

 or Pass Examination, taken from tho University Calendar : 



