92 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



There is another class of 



PERSONAL VERBS USED AS IMPERSONAL. 



AccSdit, it is added, moreover. 



Accldit, ev6nit, contingit, it 7iop- 

 pens. 



Apparet, it appears, it is clear. 



Attl'net, pertinet, it regards, re- 

 lates to. [tageous. 



Conducit, it is conducive to, admin- 



Constat, it is made out, proved. 



Convi5nit, it is suitable. 



Est = licet ; for example, est 

 videre, it is to le seen, you, may see. 



Expedit, prodest, it is useful. 



Fallit, fugit, prseterit (me), it 



escapes mo, escapes my notice, 

 know not. 



Iiitereist and refert, it concerns. 



Nocet, it is injurious. 



Paret, liquet. it is obvious, ap- 

 parent. 



Placet, placuit, and placltum est, 

 it pleases. 



Prsestat, it is better. 



Eestat, it remains. 



Solet, assolet, it is customary, 

 usual. 



Stat, it stands, it is agreed. 



Succurrit, aid is given. 



Sufficit, it is sufficient. 



Suppf-tit, there is a supply. 

 Vacat, tlicre is a want. 



To the foregoing list may be added the 



PASSIVE IMPERSONALS. 

 Bibitur, bibitum est, they drink, Scribitur, it is written. 



drin7cing is going on. Traditur, it is Tianded down, re- 



Curritur, it is run, that is, men ported. 



run, they run. Venitur, it is come, they come ; 



Kidetur, men laugh. ventum est, they have come. 



Interest and refert take a genitive of a person, but instead 

 of the genitive of the personal pronoun, the ablative is used, 

 mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra. 



VOCABULARY. 



Comitia, -orum, n., tlie | DemCto, dernessui, de- ( Intorftno, interemi, in- 

 Comitia, or public I inessum, 3, I cut | teremptum, 3. Jslay, 

 assembly oftheRoman ] down, mow. I tafce off. 



people. Honeste, 7ionourabli/. ' Nefas, n., indeclinable, 



Commentarium, -i, n., Ignavia, -as, f., idleness, that which is too 

 a note, record, a note- ] sloth, cowardice. wicked to be uttered 



book; with pi., com- j Interernptio^ -onis, f., j (ne, not, and fari, to 

 meutaria, archives, j murder. speak), wrong, im- 



or national records. Libido, libidftiis, f., pious. 



desire, lust. Turpiter, basely. 



EXERCISE 177. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Interest omnium recta facere. 2. Noctu magia quam interdiu 

 sine touitribus fulgurat. 3. Et jam lucescebat ouiniaque sub oculis 

 erant. 4. Oainia notescunt. 5. Et vesperascit et uon noverunt viain. 

 6. Me taedet seraionis tui. 7. Ubi jam vesperaverat. 8. Mea mater, 

 tui me rnlseret, mei piget. 9. Prseceptoris multum interest discipulos 

 *umino studio in li*teras iucumbere. 10. Maguopere mea interest ut 

 te videam. 11. Ut subito, ut propere, ut valide tonuit! 12. Non 

 rtuta demetrintur fructus quam gelaverit. 13. Omuiutn magni interest 

 feliciter vivere. 14. Iii nostris cominentariis scriptum habemus, Jove 

 tonante, et fulguraute, cooiitia populi habere nefas. 15. Sagittis, 

 plumbo et saxis grandinat. 16. Pluet credo hodie. 17. Totum illud 

 spatium quo pluitur et ningitur. 



EXERCISE 178. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. I am sorry for my sins. 2. He is weary of lifa. 3. Is he weary 

 of life ? 4. They are not weary of life. 5. This interests all men. 6. 

 This interests thee and me. 7. Does it interest us ? 8. They are 

 weary of our conversation. 9. It grows dark. 10. It rains. 11. Does 

 it rain ? 12. It hails. 13. It lightens. 14. It thunders. 15. It will 

 rain all day (totum per diem). 16. It snows. 17. It rains blood. 18. 

 Go home, for it grows dark. 19. Those men repent of their lusts. 

 20. I am ashamed of my brother. 21. Alexander repented the murder 

 of his friend Clitus. 



VARIOUS KINDS OF VERBS. 



As there are several kinds of verbs in Latin, it seems desirable 

 to take a brief notice of the more important. The most com- 

 prehensive division is formed by considering verbs as either 

 simple or derivative. 



SIMPLE VERBS. 



SimT)le verbs consist of a monosyllable, which, in general, is 

 short in regard to quantity, and may be vocal -that is, such as 

 end in a vowel or (what is more common) consonantal, or such 

 as terminate in one consonant or in two consonants. In order 

 to obtain the root or stem, we must cut off the personal ending 

 o ; for example, lii-o, em-o, flu-o, frem-o, scand-o. A short syl- 

 lable is sometimes, for the sake of force in pronunciation, made 

 long by the addition jf a consonant, thus : lab (labium, a lip) 

 becomes lamb-o, I lick ; jug (jugum, a yoke) becomes jung-o, I 

 jmn ; tag (hence tetigi) becomes tang-o, I touch ; tud (hence 

 tutudi) becomes tund-o, I pound ; scid (scidi), scind-o, I cleave ; 

 tern becomes temn-o, I despise ; sper becomes spern-o, I spurn ; 



sig (sig-illum, a seal), sign-o, I sign. The number of primitive 

 verbs is comparatively small. 



DERIVATIVE VERBS. 



Derivative verbs are formed first from nouns, thus : from 

 color, colour, we have colorare, to colour; from fulgur, light- 

 ning, fulgurare, to lighten; from fulmen, thunder, fulminare, to 

 thunder; from monstrum, an indication, monstrare, to show 

 (compare moneo) ; from regnum, a kingdom, regnare, to rule ; 

 from pugnus, a fist (compare Gr. 7ru|, pewks, with clenched fist, 

 pugna, a fight, E.R. pugilist), pugnare, to fight ; from fastidium, 

 nausea (compare fastus, pride), fastidire, to be disgusted with. 

 In some cases it may be doubted whether the noun or the verb 

 is the primitive, as 



Pax, pac-is, peace, pacare, to pacify ; root, pac. 

 Lux, luc-is, light, luc-ere, to be light; root, liic. 

 Finis, a boundary, finire, to bound or limit. 

 Sors, sort-is, a lot, sortiri, to cast or draiv lots. 

 Flos, floris, a flower, florere, to flower or blossom. 

 Fced-us, foul, fcedare, to pollu'e or make foul, 

 Laus, laud-is, praise, laudare, to praise or laud. 

 Gravis, heavy, gravare, to r.iake heavy, to load. 

 Largus, abundant, largiri, to give abundantly. 



Those, also, are derivative verbs which indicate a repetition 

 of the act indicated by the verbs. They are formed by the 

 insertion of t or it, and are called frequentatives. They follow 

 the first conjugation, thus 



Verbs formed by T. From dicere, to sa 1 /, dictare, to repeat; 

 from cano, I sing, can-tare, to chant ; from capere, to take, cap- 

 tare, to snatch ; from salire, to leap, sal-tare. 



Verbs formed by IT. From ago, to do, ag-itare, to be always 

 doing; from cogere, to drive, cog-itare, to revolve; from cla- 

 mare, to cry, clam-itare, to shout ; from rogare, to ask, rog-itare, 

 to entreat. 



DESIDERATIVE VERBS. 



There is also a class of derivative verbs named desidera- 

 tives, inasmuch as they express a desire (desiderium). They 

 are formed first by the suffix tur, and are of the fourth conju- 

 gation. The full termination of the present is in turio : for 

 example, coonaturio, I desire a meal, from ccena, a meal ; p.mp- 

 turio, I desire to purchase; parturio, I wish to bring forth. 

 The t is in some cases dropped, as, esurio, I ^vish to eat, from 

 edo, I eat. Another way of forming desideratives is by means 

 of ss with the connecting vowel e, or, in the older forms of the 

 language, i ; as, lac-esso, I excite, from lacio, I entice ; cap-esso, 

 I seize, from capio, I take ; f ac-esso, I perform, from facio, I do. 

 Arcesso, for accesso (from accedo, I come to), has a causal force, 

 as I cause to come, I send for. 



INCHOATIVE VERBS. 



Finally, there are the inchoative verbs, so called because they 

 denote a beginning (from inchoo, I begin). The suffix is here sc, 

 which is united to the root by means of a, e, i. Their in- 

 flections are after the third conjugation : for example, from 

 labare, to totter or fall, is formed the inchoative (called also 

 inceptive, from incipio, I begin) labasco, I begin to fall or 

 totter; from pallere, to be pale, comes pallesco, I grow pale. 



COMPOUND VERBS. 



Verbs are compound as well as primitive and derivative. 

 Compound verbs are made up of two or m:re parts. These 

 parts may be verbs, and then compound ver :.o are said to be 

 formed of 



VERBAL STEMS. 



Are-facio (from arere, to be dry), I make dry. 

 Cale-facio (from calere, to be hot), I make hot. 

 Made-facio (from madere, to be ivet), I make wet. 

 Pate-facio (from patere, to be open), I make open. 

 Assue-facio (from assuere, not in use), assuescere, 

 Consue-facio (from consuere, not in use), consues- 

 cere, 



I gro^v ac- 

 customed 



Of these compounds, the four which staufi first are composed 

 of two verbs. The two last have each a preposition besides. 

 Thus, assue is made up of ad and sue. Facio is the second 

 verb in all the instances. The specific Meaning is in each 

 case given by the first verb, which is for the most part an 

 intransitive. 



