"NS IN GEOGRAPHY 



When in Knt'li-h tho personal pronouns of tin- Iliird person 

 are govern. !>, in Spanish / r the manou- 



I'nr thn ffininino, arc Uflod j as 



!.u iituuur U vio, tin woman au> 



him. 



1 1 t.i lot liullo, (he Iraaelbr 

 ) 



. in l-in^'li.-xh tho purmjiial prtmoiini of t)i Un.d perion 

 are guv the prCpOtUin tt>, expn-HMxl or undt-r-t 



Spaniah U and U aro used for both gender* ; as 



U dijo, the jadift laid to- 

 l.iui (or to-her). 



Los libroro* It* illerou librae, tin 

 bookttlUr* f ant (to) them book*. 



Tho Hocond objective is always used after comparatives ; as 

 'IV- quioro uiaa quo 4 el, I love thee more than. him. 



A personal pronoun of the sooond objective easo in placed 

 .1 proposition} as 



Oayo temor *o6re <3, ftarfM upon I El pintor lo hizo poro m(, the 

 him. I painter made it for me. 



If in English two objective cases of personal pronouns aro in 

 the same sentence, one of them governed by tho preposition to, 

 understood, and the other by a verb, the one governed by tho 

 ition is placed first; as 



Maria nie lo diu, Mary (to) me it 

 oace (or, Mary gave it to me). 



Pedro lei la llevu, Pater (to) them 



he,- brought (or, brouyht her to 

 them). 



If tho pronoun bo reflective that is, if the nominative and 

 objective cases refer to tho same person the reflective pronoun 

 utast come before the other, if another be used in tho same 

 sentence ; as 



El cnra se mo dirigio, The rector addressed himself to me. 



When, in tho second objective case, any one of the pronouns 

 mi, ti, si, is preceded by tho preposition con, (with), this preposi- 

 tion is prefixed to the pronoun, and the syllable go affixed, tho 

 whole forming one word ; as 

 Juan vino conmijo, John came with- I Ella vino contioo, she came with- 



me. | thee. 



The first objective case of the personal pronouns comes after 

 infinitives, imperatives, and gerunds* of the verb, forming one 

 word with the verb ; as 

 Danoe diuero, give-us money. 

 Kagame vmd. una casaca, mafce- 



me, your uwship, a coat. 



Entonces Pedro toraandole aparte, 

 comenzo a reiiirle, then Peter, 

 takiny-hirn apart, began to chidc- 

 him. 



When one verb governs another in the infinitive, tho objec- 

 tive pronoun may come before the first or after the second 

 verb ; as 



El Aleman la va a ver; or, el Ale- The German her goes to see; or, t?u> 

 mau va a verla, German goes to see-her. 



The first or second person plural of the imperative drops its 

 final letter when nos or os is joined to it ; as 



Sentumonos (and not sentamos- I Quarditos (and not guar dados), 

 nos), let-iw-seat-ourseli>s. guard-yourselres. 



Ello, and its objective case lo, are properly used for a noun 

 to which wo cannot assign any gender ; and though not strictly 

 correct, the practice is allowed of using lo for the masculine le, 

 if this pronoun be directly governed by a verb. 



Personal pronouns must always agree with the nouns for 

 which they are substituted in gender, person, and number. 



VOCABULARY. 



Alguno, some, any. 

 Comprar, (to) buy. 

 Coufianza, conscience. 

 Dar, (to) give. 

 Hablar, (to) speak. 

 Hablaron, (they) spofc*. 

 Hablo, (he) sjiofce. 



Hizo, (he) made, (he) i Tii eres, thou art. 



did. Ver, (to) sec. 



Mucho, much, many, j Vinieron, (they) came. 

 Nosotros somos, toe are. ! Vino (he) came. 

 Para, for. Vio, (he) saw. 



Pedro, Peter. Yof soy, I am. 



Trad, briruj (ye). ! Yo voy.IjOj/amjoing. 



EXERCISE 9. SPANISH-ENGLISH. 



(The Personal Pronouns are in Italics.) 



1. Fedro me escribio dos cartas. 2. Ella le dio un libro. 3. El los 

 hallo. 4. Ua Us cscribiu algunas cartas. 5. El medico le hablo. 6. 



* A gerund is used in Spanish as the present participle in English ; 

 as, amaudo, loving. 



t For the present, wo shall use the nominative personal pronouns 

 with tho verb, though they are not iu general required. 



To toy pobM jr viJo. 7. Tii erw may ribio. 8. 1 IfBorant*. . 

 tfotottrot tome* foerU* y ricot. 10. El pintor to dU una euehara 4* 

 Plata. 11. La mogvr not vU. 12. Bl earpintero KM h*U6. 

 EcpanolM U hubloron. U. Bl JOM tteae much* confianx* en *d. U. 

 Pedro l dio el libro. Id. El Aluuuui BO U dW diaero. 17. La tL TT^in 

 no It habl-i. IK. L muKr DO nu hubUi. 19. El pintor no U i.i. 20. 

 El curpiutc-ro no lo* haUu. 21. I'o voy 4 darU un libro. 22. V. rico. 

 - .. >' V. son pobrei. ai. Yd*, 



In forming a negative *ontenoe, the adverb no mutt 

 nt only before the verb, but even before personal 

 the first objective oaae ; an, Joan no me 1 <lijo, ./ 

 it said i.e., John laid it not to-me. 



Vmd (pronounced uxli'd), though of the third pcrvon, i 

 f(|uivalcnt to the Englinh word you ; thus the wntenoe " you 

 li," if addressed to one person, woul.i < rioo 



(your iwrship it rich) ; if addressed to more than one penon, 

 vms. son ricoi (your worn/tip* are r'vi femalen are 



referred to, the feminine form of the adjective must bo used. 



EXERCISE 10. ENGLISH-SPAN; 



1. Peter wrote me two letter*. 2. The painter (fare him a book. 3. 

 She found thorn. 4. He wrote to-them come letter*. 5. I am poor and 

 old. 6. The judge spoke to-them. 7. Thou art very rich. & He 

 U wise. 9. We are ignorant. 10. They are strong and rich. 11. The 

 painter gave thee a silver spoon. 12. The woman saw us. 1 

 carpenter spoke to us. 14. The Spanish woman spoke to him. Jj. 

 The physician saw him. 16. The Frenchwoman saw them (UMC.). 

 17. The German woman saw them (fern.). 18. The carpenter made it 

 (lo) for him. 19. The painter has confidence in her. 20. The printers 

 have much confidence in him. 21. The Englishman made it for me. 

 22. Tou gave me a book. ' You are very wise. 24. You ire hungry. 

 25. You have a house. 26. You (plur.) are thirsty. 27. You (plr.) 

 are not proud. 28. You (plur.) love the truth. 29. The physician 

 has much confidence in you. 30. I am-going to give you (le) a book. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN SPANISH. III. 

 EXERCISE 5. 



1. Tho way is narrow. 2. The house U spacious. 3. The women 

 are proud. 4. The Englishmen have no money. 5. The English women 

 are not hungry. 6. The Spaniards are not thirsty. 7. The American 

 women are handsome. 8. The books are new. 9. A good general is 

 the soul of an army. 10. Tbo Frenchman is poor and proud. 

 11. The physician's friend is ignorant. 12. The judge is wise and 

 rich. 13. A false tongue does not love truth. 14. The Americans 

 love money. 15. The painter's sons are strong and robust. 10. The 

 poor men are hungry. 



EXERCISE 6. 



1. El Frances escribio cartas a la Espafiola. 2. Los Americanos 

 sou amigos de los lugleses. 3. El cainino del impio es teuebroeo. 

 4. Las hijas del Espanolo son liudas. 5. Los libros son nuevos. 

 6. La oasa del medico es espaciosa. 7. Los caballos del Ingles so 

 fuertes. 8. Los hijos del juez son probros y sobiSrbios. 9. La hija 

 de la Francosa es soborbia ' ii^norante. 10. Las hermanas del pintor 

 son ricas y hermosas. 11. Un bucn honibro ama la verdad. 12. La 

 lengua fuJaz no ama la verdud. 13. Los Espaiioles y los Americano* 

 aman dinero. 14. Las cucharas de plata sou nuevas. 15. El camiuo 

 es estreoho. 16. El hijo del juez es malo < ignorante. 17. Loe im- 

 presores son ricos. 18. El criado del medico es robusto. 



LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. XLII. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



THE south-western division of Oceania, to which the name of 

 Australasia or Melanesia has been given by geographers, 

 belongs almost entirely to tho British Empire. The superficial 

 area of the land that is contained in it has been estimated at 

 very nearly 3,430,000 square miles, while the population is 

 certainly not less than 2,500,000. Within the boundaries of 

 Australasia, which were given in detail in our last lesson, are 

 comprised the continent of Australia, Tasmania, the three 

 islands collectively called New Zealand, the Auckland Isles, 

 Antipodes Island, Norfolk Island, the Chatham Isles, New 

 Caledonia, New Hebrides, Queen Charlotte Isles, Solomon Isles, 

 the Louisiade Archipelago, New Britain, New Ireland, the 

 Admiralty Isles, and Papua or New Guinea, with a few un- 

 important islets. 



The most important part of Australasia is the continent of 

 Australia, or the great island of New Holland, so called because 

 it was discovered by the Dutch. It is bounded on tho north by 

 tho Arafura Sea, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and Torres Strait ; on 



