126 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



that Deucalion threw were turned into men, while those thrown by 

 Pyrrha became women. 



82. Sortes. An oracular answer. 



85. Quidquid, etc. Everything that Tias bten done or felt by man from 

 that day to this. 



86. Farrago is the medley of which #ur boolc is made. 



89. Hos animos : supplj- habuit. Since when had the vice such power f 



90. Posita area. They not only stake their money in play, hut 

 he chest which contains it. They stake the money-chest, and play 



for it. 



91. Dispensatore armigero. When the steward supplies the weapons. 

 95. Sportula. The dole given by patrons to their clients. Now 



Juvenal complains it is given away wantonly to those who do not 

 really need it. 



100. Trojugenas, high-born. According to the legend that Latium 

 was peopled by the descendants of .SSueas. 



104. Molles fenestrae. The effeminate holes bored in the ears for 

 earrings. 



106. Major. The broad stripe of purple on the robej the sign of 

 patrician rank. 



110. Sacro honori. The tribuneship, the holders of which office 

 were held inviolate (sacrosancti). 



111. Pedibus albis, with his feet marked with chalk. The sign of a 

 slave for sale. 



112. Quandoquidem. Since really money is the only deity we worship, 

 although she has as yet no temple like Peace, Honour, and the rest whom 

 ue pretend to worship. 



Here is Juvenal's complaint against the inroad into the city 

 of all sorts of Greek adventurers, conjurors, dancers, and 

 mountebanks, who came from their own impoverished country 

 to enrich themselves by the extravagance of the Romans : 



JUVENAL. "SAT.," III. 5885. 

 Quae nunc divitibus gens acceptissima nostris 

 Et quos prascipue fugiam, properabo fateri, 

 Nee pudor obstabit. Non possum ferre, Quirites. 60 

 Grsecam urbem. Quamvis quota portio faacis Achaai ? 

 Jam pridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes, 

 Et linguam et mores, et cum tibicine chordas 

 Obliquas, nee non gentilia tympana, secum 

 Vexit.et ad Circum jussas prostare puellas. 65 



Ite, quibus grata est picta lupa barbara mitra. 

 Rusticus ille tuus sumit trechedipna, Quirine, 

 Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo. 

 Hie alta Sicyone, ast hie Amydone relicta, 

 Hie Andro, ille Samo, hie Trallibus aut Alabandis, 70 

 Esquilias dictumque petunt a vimine collem, 

 Viscera magnarum domuum, dominiquo futuri. 

 Ingenium velox, audacia perdita, sermo 

 Promtus, et Isaac torrentior. Ede quid ilium 

 Esse putes : quern vis hominem, secum adtnlit ad nos : 75 

 Grammaticus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes, 

 Augur, schoenobates, medicus, magus : omnia novit 

 Graeculus esuriens : in coelum jusseris, ibit. 

 Ad summam, non Maurns erat neque Sarmata nee 



Thrai, 



Qui sumsit pennas, mediis sed natus Athenis. 80 



Horum ego non fugiam conchylia ? Mo prior ille 

 Signabit ? fnltusque toro meliore recumbet 

 Advectus Romam, quo pruna et cottana vento ? 

 Usque adeo nihil est, quod nostra infantia ccelum 

 Hausit Aventinum, bacca nutrita Sabina ? 85 



NOTES. 



60. Quirites. The oldest and most honourable title of the Roman 

 people, and adopted in all formal proclamations. By thus using it, 

 Juvenal seems to wish to appeal to their old national pride. 



61. Grsecam. This Grcscised city. Quamvis. Though after all what a 

 email portion is it of ihe dregs of Greece ! 



66. Mitra. The high Phrygian cap was a peculiarity of the Greeks 

 of Asia Minor. 



67. Trechedipna. A word coined from tha Greek (TP<?X<O Seiirvov), 

 ihe slippers which carry him off at a run to the feast. 



68. Niceteria. Another Greek word, vtnn^>\P' aL , prizes of victory. 



69. Sicyone, etc. All names of places in Greece. 

 71. Dictum a vimine. The mons Viminalis. 



73. Ingenium : sc. est illis. They have talent and impudence, etc. 



77. Schoenobates. A Greek word signifying a rope-dancer. 



78. Grseculus, etc. The hungry Qreekling knows everything : bid him 

 start for heaven, he'll be o/. 



81. Conchylia, purple robes. The word originally means a shell-fish, 

 from which the purple dye was obtained, and so came to be used for 

 the dye itself, and for purple robes. 



82. Signabit. Shall such a man ta/;e precedence of me in business 

 matters ? 



83. Advectus Romam, etc., who was borne to Rome by the same wind 

 that brings the plums and figs i.e., from the East. Cottana were a 

 small species of fig, found in Syria. 



84. Usque adeo, etc., is it to come just to 'nothing at all that, etc. 



TRANSLATION OF EXTRACT I. IN LAST READING. 

 The consulate of C. Asinius and C. Anstitius was the ninth year of 

 the reign of Tiberius, and during the whole of it he saw the State un- 

 disturbed, his family prosperous, for he regarded the death of Ger- 

 manicus as a piece of good fortune ; but now, on a sudden, fortune 

 began to work confusion. Tiberius began to be tyrannical, or to en- 

 courage others in a similar course. The cause of this change was 

 attributable to -iElius Sejanus, commander of the Preetoriau guards, 

 whose influence I have already noticed, and will now proceed to unfold 

 the particulars of his birth, his character, and the crime by which he 

 sought to seize the reins of government. He was born at Vulsinii, his 

 father Seius Strabo being of the equestrian order, and in early youth 

 he attached himself to Caius Csesar, the grandson of the deified 

 Augustus. Soon after this he gained such an ascendancy over Tiberius 

 by various artific. s that he made him, though so close and mysterious 

 with others, throw off all restraint and reserve with him ; .and this he 

 achieved not by superior cunning, for in this Tiberius was fully his 

 match, but rather by the displeasure with which the gods regarded 

 the empire of Rome, to which he was equally fatal both at the height 

 of his power and in his death. In person he was hardy, and capable 

 of enduring fatigue ; daring in spirit, clever in disguising his own 

 crimes, and prompt to spy out the faults of others ; at once fawning 

 and imperious, and while he preserved an exterior of assumed modesty 

 he was in his heart insatiably lusting for supreme power. With this 

 view he indulged in profusion, liberality, and luxury, but more often 

 gave his mind to careful vigilance habits no less dangerous when 

 they are counterfeited by ambition for the purpose of gaining supreme 

 power. 



HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. II. 



THE THORAX PELVIS ARM LEG, ETC. 



WE come now to the second and largest of the cavities of the 

 body the thorax or chest. This is a kind of cage, made of 

 bone and cartilage, somewhat conical in shape, and smaller 

 above than below. Its posterior wall is formed by the bodies 

 of the dorsal vertebrae, its anterior by the sternum or breast- 

 bone, and its lateral ones by the costas or ribs connecting tho 

 other two together. 



The vertebras having bean already described, it remains to 

 consider tho sternum and costae. The sternum is a flat bone, 

 shaped like an ancient sword with its point downwards. It is 

 placed in front of the chest, to the organs contained in which 

 it forms a buckler or shield. In early life it is composed of 

 five separate pieces, but in the adult the lower four have become 

 fused together. It presents on each side shallow depressions to 

 receive the cartilages of the ribs. 



The ribs are curved flat pieces of bone, varying in length, 

 the longest being placed in the centre, and the shorter ones 

 above and below. They are twenty-four in number, and are 

 arranged twelve on each side. Their posterior extremities are 

 rounded heads, which play in cup-shaped depressions in the 

 sides of the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae. Anteriorly they 

 end in cartilage, and all save the two lower ones, the ends 

 of which float free amongst the muscles articulate, the first 

 seven directly, the other three by a common cartilage, with the 

 sides of the sternum. The ribs are so articulated that the 

 posterior extremities are much higher than the anterior, and 

 the interspaces are wider in the centre than close to the spino 

 or sternum. The object of this arrangement will be perceived 

 when we come to consider the function of respiration. 



The floor of the thorax is formed by a powerful muscle, the 

 diaphragm, which divides the cavity of the thorax from that 

 of the abdomen, the bony walls of which, called the pelvis, we 

 must now examine. 



As previously stated, the lower end of the spinal column 

 rests on the pelvis. This is the most imperfect of the cavities 

 of the body, and is composed of four bones the sacrum, the 

 coccyx, and a pair of bones called the innominate. The sacrum, 

 a massive wedge-shaped bone, is really only a continuation of 

 the spinal column, being composed of five imperfectly-deve- 

 loped vertebrae, which in early life are separate, but at manhood 

 have become consolidated into one piece. The coccyx is articu- 

 lated with the lower end of the sacrum, and though smaller, 





