S IN GEOLOGY. 



m 



de V. 28. Los cabullo* BOU miyo* do VV. 29. Bun libros do You. MM 

 taeno*. 30. Vm. halUi su dinero. 



EXERCIBK 12. EN., 



h. 2. My : >r. 3. My friend* fouud 



a troaxn .-I. 4. Thy brother saw a, book in the sin-- 



Mid a hat. 6. The physician spoke to hi-, 



imjry. 8. Hi* horso in strong. 9. All my books 

 io. 10. Hi* female servant in thirety. 11. I nm going to bin 

 (or her) house. 12. Our female servant* are talkative. : 

 houses are tin ipoous are hers. 15. The horses are theirs. 



. holme and mine (la mia) are beautiful. 17. '1 i. 



rs and mine aro very poor. 19. 



intent and oars are proud. 30. Peter in (a) iiephow of mine 



pointer is a friend of tniiio and his. 22. A foniulo 



. 1 u hut in tho street. 23. She raised her 1. m 1- 



T raised his head. 25. The male servant has a hat on (#n) bis 



(la) head. 26. He took her by her hand. 27. She took him by hU 



28. His head aohes. 29. Peter's head aches. 30. My throat 



pains me. 31. Ttie physician took his hat, and went to (the) house of 



the painter. .;j. The woman took the hats. 33. You gave a book 



to your . You (plur.) gave to your mole servants two silver 



spoons. 3.5. Your daughters are very beautiful. 36. The oxen aro 



: gave you three hats. 38. Your sons are 



39. Your sisters are most amiable. 40. You have not your 



41. The woman has not your book. 42. You wrote not 



to your friouin. 43. Your father is rich. 



In the last eleven sentences of tho above exercise, when the 



a (you or -your) occurs, it is to be rendered by vmd. 



easos and possessive pronouns ; thus, " You 



found your book," vmd. hallo su libra (literally, your-worship 



found his book). 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN SPANISH. IV. 



EXERCISE 7. 



1. The woman is very amiable. 2. The judge is very old. 3. Tho 



man-servant is very culpable. 4. The Spanish language is beautiful, 



/ harmonious. 5. The moon is very brilliaut. 6. The stars 



are very brilliant. 7. The towers are very high. 8. The Spanish 



women are very proud. 9. The judge is very scrupulous. 10. The 



house is very high. 11. Tho ox is as strong as the horse. 12. The 



is more robust than the printer. 13. The maid-servants of 



:uish lady are more talkative than the men-servants of the 



German. 14. Tho sun is more brilliant than the moon. 15. The moon 



is less brilliant than the sun. 16. The physician's daughter is less 



hauJsome than tho judge's daughter. 17. The houses are not so high 



as the towers. 



EXERCISE 8. 



1. El monte es altisiiuo. ~. El criado es muy viejo. 3. La lengua 

 cspaiiola es bella y muy armoniosa. 4. El sol es muy brilliante. 5. 

 Las estrellas son muy brilliantes. 6. El pintor es tan sobdrbio que el 

 juez. 7. El caballo es tan fuerte como el buey. 8. El carpintero es 

 tan rico quo el impresor. 9. Las hijas de la Alemana son indues cul- 

 pables que las hijas de la Espauola. 10. Las estrellas son mdnos bril- 

 liantes quo la luua. 11. El Icon es mas fuerte como el caballo. 12. 

 El jucz es mas sabio que el medico. 



EXERCISE 9. 



1. Peter wrote me two letters. 2. She gave him a book. 3. He 

 found them. 4. She wrote to them some letters. 5. The physician 

 spoko to them. 6. I am poor and old. 7. Thou art very wise. 8. Ho 

 is ignorant. 9. We are strong and rich. 10. The painter gave theo 

 a silver spoon. 11. The woman saw us. 12. The carpenter spoke to 

 us. 13. Tho Spaniards spoke to him. 14. The judge has much con- 

 fidence in you. 15. Peter gave you the book. 16. The German did 

 not give you the money. 17. The German lady did not speak to you. 

 18. Tho woman did not speak to me. 19. The painter saw thee not. 

 20. Tho carpenter did not find them. 21. I am going to give you a 

 book. 22. You are rich. 23. You (plur.) are poor. 24. You (plur.) 

 are proud. 



EXERCISE 10. 



1. Pedro me escribiu dos curtas. 2. El piutor le dio un libro. 3. 

 Ella los hall >. 4. Kl 1,-s < scril'i,'. ultimas cartes. 5. Yo soy pobre y 

 viejo. (i. El juez les habliS. 7. Tu eres muy rico. 8. El es sabio. 

 9. Nosotros somos ignorantes. 10. Ellos son fuertos y ricos. 11. Kl 

 pintor to dio una cuchara de plata. 12. La muger nos vi<5. 13. El 

 aarpiutcro nos hablo. 14. La Espauola le hablu. 15. El medico le vie'.. 

 16. La Francesa los vio. 17. La Alemana las vio. 18. El carpintoro 

 lo hizo para 1. 19. El pintor tiene coufianza en clla. 20. I 

 prcsores tienen mncha confianza en el. 21. El Indies lo hizo para mi. 

 22. Vmd. me dio un libro. 23. V. es muy sibio. :! I. Vn. 

 hambre. 25. Vm. ticno una cnsa. 2C<. Vms. tienen Bed. 27. Vds. no 

 son soWrbios. 28. VV. am MI la, verdad. 29. El medico tieno mucha 

 < imiuin/.i envd. 30. Yo voy & darle un libro. 



JN" GEOLOGY. XVII!. 



K UPPER COAL MEASURES. 



IN many localities where coal-bod* aro developed, immediately 

 ing them appear* aootuddemble deposition of ooanev 

 grained sandstones. Generally they are very white, though 

 sometimes they pasn through the intervening hade* to brown, 

 Intorlayered with these sandstones, grits, band* of limestouas, 

 hale, etc., are sometimes found. This is the millttone-yrit. 

 It in not sufficiently universally developed to take its rank aa 

 a separate formation, but is generally claused directly with 

 tho Upper Coal Measure*, and w reckoned as a carboniferous 

 sandstone. 



In the Bristol coal basin the millstone-grit reach** a thick* 

 ness of 1,000 feet. In the Forest of Dean coal-field 

 attains 270 feet. Passing to tho north, in Derbyshire it* thick- 

 ness is 1,600 feet, and it gradually grown thinner, 

 north of Yorkshire and in Durham it has thirn:;_ uown to 41* 

 feet. 



In Ireland, Sir R. Griffiths finds that the thickness of tho 

 millstone-grit varies from 350 to 1 ,800 feet. 



In many localities in the North of England the position of 

 this sandstone is sharply denned. If we travel northwards 

 from Leeds, which is on tho edge of tho Yorkshire coal-field, 

 we shall find in a few miles the whole aspect of the country 

 changed. The black complexion of a cpal-field is replaced by 

 the white walls and houses of tho millstone-grit. The roadu 

 are no longer black with tho slag and ashes of the engine fires ; 

 the forest of mill chimney 3, which always springs np over a coal- 

 field, has disappeared ; and tho pure country air is a pleasing 

 exchange for the dark and questionable atmosphere of tho 

 manufacturing towns which thickly stud the neighbourhood of 

 coal. Before geology had attained its present state of accuracy 

 many wcro ; the expensive and futile attempts to find coal 

 beyond the boundary of the coal-fields. The land-owner could 

 not understand why his neighbour only a few miles distant 

 should possess a coal-mine, and he be deprived of that source 

 of wealth. And then, unfortunately, the millstone-grit fre- 

 quently contains bands of dark-coloured shales. When one of 

 these bands is cut through in sinking a well, as the buckets 

 bring up the dark bituminous shale, it in considered an a sure 

 sign that there is coal ; renewed hope, even amounting to con- 

 fidence, inspires the sinking of a shaft, and after tho expenditure 

 of perhaps thousands of pounds, the fruitless search is aban- 

 doned. Experience and careful survey has assured us that 

 when tho coal-bed comes to an end, and beneath it there- 

 appears the white quartzoso sandstone the millstone-grit no- 

 search need be made for coal, for none will be found. 



The Coal Measures. Seeing that almost all of our English 

 coal is mined from the deposits of the carboniferous period, it 

 is not to be wondered that tho idea has become general that 

 coal is only found, and was only deposited during this geological 

 epoch. This, however, is far from being the case. It was 

 possible, as we shall see when we enter upon tho description of 

 the formation of coal, that the deposit of the vegetable matter 

 might have taken ploco in any period, and in most of them it 

 actually did, yet according to our present knowledge by far the 

 greatest quantity of coal is procured from tho deposits which 

 form tho carboniferous period. Coal of this age is found in tho 

 British Isles, Central France, Germany, Central Europe, Spain, 

 India, Australia, Chili, Peru, Melville Island, Nova Scotia, 

 Isthmus of Panama, and in the United States 600,000 square 

 miles ore occupied with the formation. 



Tho next most prolific source of coal is the oolite system. 

 The coal-fields of Southern India, Borneo, Labuau, the Philip- 

 pine Islands, and most probably of China and Japan, are of 

 this age. 



Tho coals of Vancouver's Island and the Saskatchewan 

 prairies are cretaceous, while those of New Zealand and tho 

 Pacific Islands are a still newer deposit, probably tertiary. In 

 Germany a vegetable accumulation of this last period is worked 

 for a non-bitumonised coal which is termed liynitc. Perhaps 

 tho New Zealand deposit was surrounded by peculiar circum- 

 stances, which favoured its bitnmonisation. 



In our next lesson we intend to view coal in its practical 

 light, that is, as to tho comparative value of its different kind* 

 to the mode by which it is exhumed, and some of the most 

 prominent facts connected with its consumption. Now, we 



