LESSONS IN LATIN. 



U7 



it will develop new qualities, oftentimes improved quali- 

 ties ; but in tin: IM .-i-.-nco has 

 always rndi-d in doath or deterioration I'liina 

 'nxrn.s^-.s tin- jir.Nlii, :...]! .,!' -.-a. though tho hhrub i.s 



i. whoru efl a long been 



made, and with considerable success, to en< 



_M-owlli .l.i[ ail, tOO, cultivate* tea, ami lia-^ opened its 

 IMH-IS to tin 1 trade. It lias ln-i-n introduced into Aus- 

 tralia. NI-V'-I-I licit-.-,-, ill'- t:-no tea-growing di 

 hitlf aH'crt.-d i hat our dependence may still by de.-< i 

 unly on Chiim. 



rtnut.i introduced -The only plants of im- 



portance which Aia ..\\.-s to other parts of the world 

 ,unl tobacco, both from America. Tobacco, 

 which was unknown in tho Old World till brought from 

 America, is a remarkable example of the diffusion of 

 plants. Its growth now is nearly universal through a 

 on 80 and 90 wide in both the New and tho 

 Old World, and it.-, consumption is general over the 

 whole wirth. Some of tho choicest growths are obtained 

 Asia, such as that of Turkey and of Manilla. 

 Tin- IVi-uvian bark of South America is also an instance 

 of tliu transference of an important plant to Asia. 



tfotifln-ni Boundary of vine Growth. The southern 

 limit of the region in which tho vine would flourish 

 for vintage is in a higher latitude than the limit of 

 palms, and can be only marked upon the ocean. It runs 

 in a rly parallel with south latitude 40, and the isothermal 

 I'm- of 60 mean annual temperature, deflecting about 

 10 south near Australia, and thereby comprising Tas- 

 mania and New Zealand. 



The limits of wheat and northern grains are with- 

 out analogues in the south, inasmuch as no part of 

 tho Old World extends to such high latitudes as 50 or 

 60 S. latitude. 



I 



LESSONS IN LATIK XLYII. 



VERBS TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE. 



THE widest distinction between verbs is made when they are 

 divided into the two classes of transitive or intransitive. The 

 word transitive (from trans, over, and eo, I go) denotes verbs 

 the action of which goes over from tho subject to the object. 

 Tho intransitive are those verbs in connection with which 

 this transition does not (in act) take place. Here are two 

 examples : 



1. TRANSITIVE. 2. INTRANSITIVE. 



Subject. Verb. Object. Subject. Verb. Object. 



Pater amat nlium, Filia dormit 



Fatlur loves (his) son. (The) daughter sleeps 



Hero, you see, amat has a subject, a verb, and an object, 

 but dormit has no object. Having an object after it, tho 

 verb amat is a transitive verb. Observe that the act implied 

 in tke verb passes from pater to filium, from the subject to 

 the object. A transition of this nature is the characteristic 

 of a transitive verb. The absence of that transition is the 

 characteristic of an intransitive verb ; and, accordingly, in tho 

 use of dormit, there is no such transition. 



By a sort of poetic licence, indeed, some intransitive verbs 

 have an object after them, but only an object of the same 

 meaning or of similar import with the verb; as, somniavi som- 

 nium, / have dreamt a dream. 



Occasions there are where a really transitive verb stands 

 without an object ; as, quid agis ? lego ; what art thou doing ? 

 I a>n reading. Here no object is expressed ; yet is lego a 

 transitive verb, for it is by the idea, not tho mere form of 

 expression, that those things are determined, and in the idea of 

 ; an object is of necessity involved. If I road, I read 

 something : you may ask. What do you read ? but you cannot 

 ask, What do you sleep t 



Transitive verbs are subdivided into two sorts tho active 

 and the passive : 



ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 



Pater amat Altum, Pater amatur a filio, 



The /aether loves the son. The father is loved by the son. 



These distinctions we called voices ; we speak of the atiiv 

 voice and the pauioe voice. It is only transitive verbs that 

 admit the distinction of active and passive. The passive voice 

 in the counterpart of the active voice, ami, when the latter 

 does not exist, the farmer cannot be found. Hence it appears 

 that there are verbs which are neither active nor passive ; snch 

 verb*, being neither the one nor the other, are called neater 

 (neither). Thus dormit, he sleeps, is a neuter verb. Dormit, 

 you see, denotes a certain state ; and, in general, intransitive 

 or neuter verbs denote a state, as, currit, lot runt ; volat avis, 

 the bird flics. A transitive verb, however, has action for its 

 essence; as 



SUBJECT. VERB. OBJECT. 



Pugilei feriunt sdversuium, 



Iloxert strike th*ir opponent. 



Tou see tho blow given by the hand. Feriunt is a transitive 

 verb, because tho action which it conveys passes from the sub- 

 ject to tho object. It is also a transitive verb in the active 

 voice. Transitive verbs are in the active voice when they have 

 the terminations of the active voice. Or, to define the matter 

 a;<! !>nling to the sense, transitive verbs are in the active voice 

 when they have an object, as feriunt, the object of which is 

 advorsarium. The same sense may be expressed by a passive 

 voice, thus : 



SUBJECT. VKKII. IH8TRUMEVT. 



Adrersarius 

 Their opponent 



feritnr 

 i* struck 



a pugUibui, 

 by boxers. 



By comparing together this and the last example, yon see the 

 object has become the subject, and the subject is converted 

 into the instrument ; and observe, the instrument is preceded 

 by the preposition a. By that preposition (a, ab, abs, by or with) 

 the instrument when a person or an animate object must 

 always bo accompanied. If the instrument ia a thing an 

 inanimato objectit is put in the ablative case without any 

 proposition, as 



Puer feritur baculo, Miles interflcitnr yladio, 



The boy is (truck with a stick. The soldier is slain by tht svoru. 



In the instance just given of an active voice converted into a 

 passive voice, the sense remains the same. But in the previous 

 example tho sense is altered. This will best appear by the two 

 cases being put together. 



( Act. Pater amat filium. 



\ Pass. Pater amatur a filio. 



( Act. Pugiles feriunt adverearium. 



The sense altered 



The sense unaltered 



\ Pass. Adrersarius feritur a pugilibua. 



In the first instance, you see the subject of the active voice 

 remains the subject in the passive voice. But in the second, 

 the subject of the active voice has in the passive become the 

 instrument. 



It is tho essential feature of tho passive voice that the action 

 of the verb, instead of passing over to an object, either turns 

 back on the subject, or remains with the subject. In amor, / am 

 loved, the act of loving turns back on the subject /. Hence a 

 reflex action is involved in many passive verbs. Moveor, / am 

 moved, may signify I move myself, or simply I move. This 

 peculiarity of meaning in Latin is in Greek denoted by a pecu- 

 liarity of form which is called the middle votce. 



A. much more definite peculiarity ia that by which verbs, 

 being passive in form, have an active signification. Thes*.' 

 are already known to the student as the class of deponent 

 verbs. Minute accuracy would require a division to be made 

 of deponent verbs into transitive and intransitive, for whil 

 hortor, I encourage, has an object, proficisoor, I go, is without 

 an object. 



There are also verbs which, though active in form, have a 

 neuter signification ; foi vapulo signifies I am beaten, and voneo, 

 I am sold. 



In some verbs the two forms, the active and the passive, are 

 blended together, and that without a passive meaning. A* 

 these verbs have not a passive import, so are they intransitive 

 or neuter, and, for tho sake of a name, are called neuter passives: 

 for example : 



PRESENT. INFINITIVE. PERFECT. 



Audeo, I dare, aud?rt>, 



Oaudeo. I rejoice, gaudfre, 



Soleo, I am accustomed, solSre, 



Fideo, I truat, fldJre. 



ausus Bum. 

 gavisus sum. 

 olitus sum. 

 flsus sum. 



