158 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



38. Xpvanv, Ki\\av, Teve&oto. Names of islands sacred to Apollo. 

 ""\<fi. Epic adverb. Mightily. Probably an old dative of i'r, strength. 



39. ZfuvVev. A name of Apollo. 

 Nnov. Ionic for vaov, temple. 



40. Kara goes with 6pa, from Karapanu. 



41. 'Hi', old conjunction, and. 



Kprjnvov. First aor. act. iniper., epic form, from Kpamivw, lengthened 

 form of KpaiKu. 



'EfX3up. Epic form for tXdup. Tbis way of lengthening the word 

 by the repetition of the initial vowel is very frequent in Homer. 



44. OuXi/MToio, gen. epic for au. This is the Olympus of psetry, the 

 abode of the gods, not the Greek mountain of that name. 



45. '&n<f>npe<j>ea, closed, covered on all. sides. ufi<j>i epe^eo. 



46. \aofjiivoio, of him full of wrath, so. Apollo. 



47. "H. Third pers. sing. Ionic imperfect, from elm, #"> 



48. '\KtivevOe, at a distance from. 



Neuv. The ships of the Greeks, as they lay in the harbour. 

 Merit. Separated from its verb, as in line 39. Merit ) is for 

 rtOnne, from /icftfjM'. 



50. Ouprjar, mules, from vupevt, Ionic for bpeus. 



'Ap^ol's, originally white, shining, and then came to be used to indi- 

 cate swift motion, and is thus applied as an epithet to dogs. 



51. Airourj, upon the Greeks. Pope translates these lines 



" On, wolves and dogs the infection first began, 

 And last the vengeful arrows fixed in man." 



ExTevK, bitter, torturing; from ex and iret'Kij, connected with irmpos, 

 bitter. 



54. KaXto-o-aTO. Epic form for tKaXto-aro. 



55. T tnt <f,p f y, Or\ne, put it in his mind lit., to him in his mind. 

 AeuKuiXei/of. One of the peculiarities of epic poetry is that the 



epithets are stereotyped and perpetually recurring. Thus Hera is the 

 "white-armed," Achilles the "swift-footed" (7r63ar wnvt), Agamemnon 

 the "king of men" (Si/af auSpiav). The same is common in all ballad 

 poetry, where we find, as Macaulay says, that " all the gold is red, and 

 all the ladies are gay." 



56. 'P< (for Spa) emphasises the on the reason for his sorrow. 



57. "Htepffev (for tjTepfWai/ eyti/oi/ro. A repetition of the same state- 

 ment in two different forms, frequent in Homer and all early poetry. 



58. At. This is called ie in the apodosis. When they were collected, 

 then. 



Our want of space prevents our giving any more extracts 

 from the "Iliad." The following is out of the "Odyssey," 

 and is part of the account of the adventure which befel Odysseus 

 with the Cyclops Polyphemus : 



HOMER. "ODYSSEY," IX. 345 370. 



Kal TOT' tyu K.vK\<eira irpoffrjiiSeav ayx<- TapatTTaj, 345 



Kiaffvftiov fJLfra -^tpfflv t^ur /ueAayos otvoio, 



" KuKAanf , TTJ, Trie olvov, firel (pdyfs avSp6fj.fa Kpea, 



S(pp' fiSys olov n trorbv T^Se vr/vs eKtKev9ei 



TjfifTfpr/. aot 5' ad \oi@r)" tpfpov, ft JJL f \ffiffas 



oJ/caSe irf/j.'fyfias' ffv Si fialvfat OU/CET' avfKTcas. 



ff^erXtf, Trias Ktv ris ere KaJ vffrtpov &AAos 'licoiro 



avOpwirwv iro\fcav ; firfl ov Kara, fiolpav fpfas." 



las f<pd/j.riv, o Sf SeVro Kal tKiriev. ^craTO 8' 

 r)$i> irorbif trivcav, Kal fjC ijrff Sfvrfpov afiTis. 

 " 56s fj.oi tn irpdtypav, Kal juoi Tfbv oijvo/j.a flirt 355 



atiT/Ka vvv, 'Iva rot 8a> fti>iov, $ Kt <rv ^aipr/s. 

 Kal yap K.VK\(airtffcri <pepfi fi$<apos apovpa 

 olvov ^piffrd(pv\ov, Kai <r<piv Aibs 6fjL^pos afei- 

 aAAa ro'S' afj./3po(riris Kal i/tKTapds ecmv airoppu>." 



&s <pd.T'' ardp ol ai/ris fy<i> ir6pov aWoira olvop. 360 



rpls fj.fv 5coKo tpfpaiv, Tpls S' tKirifv a.$>paf>iri<nv. 

 jivrap firfl KvK\<aira irtpl (ppevas tf\v6tv olvos, 

 Kal roVe S-fi (juv eitfffcri irpoffrivfiwv /j.fi\ixt-oicriv. 

 " KvK\(a\^/, fipcarqs w' ovo/*a K\vr6v ; avrap fyd> TOL 

 f^fpeca' ffv Se /u.oi Sbs feiviov &s irfp u7re'(TT7js. 365 



OSTis tfjioiy <f>vo(i.a- Ofrnj/ 8e fj.e KiKKfffKovffiv 

 fj.T}rrjp T)8f traTTip 7)8' a\\oi TrdvTfS fralpot." 



&s f(pd/j.rii>, & 5e ^' avrlK' afjid^ero vr/X 

 " QVTIV y<a irvp.ar^v fSofiai jueTa oTy eTa 

 TOIIS S' a\\ovs TrpotrOfv TO 8e TOI %fivi)ioi> fffTai," 370 



NOTES. 



346. Merit xepe'iv, in between my hands. 



347* Trj, an old epic imperative, always followed by another impera- 

 tive : then drink wine. 



352. noXtW, epic for tro\\Zv ov Kara ^i<npuK, not rightly. 



353. AtKTo, syncopated 3rd pers. sing, aorist, from oi\ofjiai. 

 360. *ar', for i<par. 



361. 'A^>pudi;o-ii/, in hisfolbj. Epic for u<f>pa&iais. 



362. flepi tjiptvas favdev, had circled round his brain. 



363. Kai rare 3;. A frequent way of introducing au apodosis in Homer. 

 366. Oi'Tit. .Neman is my uanve. 



369. Merit CHS irdpota-tv, after his comrades ; or is in Homer a possessive 

 pronoun. 



TRANSLATION OP EXTRACT I. IN LAST READING. 



ARISTOPHANES. " RAN.S," 169 209. 

 XANTHIAS, DIONYSUS, CHARON. CHORUS OP FROGS. 



XA. What is this ? Dl. Why, to he sure this is the lake he told us 

 of, and there is the boat. XA. Yes, by Poseidon, and that is Charon. 

 Di. Ho, Charon, Charon, Charon ! CH. Who's for the place of rest 

 from ills and troubles, who's for the plain of Lethe and the place 

 where asses have fleeces, who's for the land of Cerberus, who's for tht 

 crows, who's for Tsenarus ? Dl. I am. CH. Step in quick. Dl, 

 Where do you intend to stop at the crows, I suppose ? CH. Yes, 

 indeed, as far as you are concerned. Come, get in. Di. Here, slave ! 

 CH. No, I don't carry the slave unless he has fought the sea-fight of 

 the carcases. XA. By Zeus, not I, for I happened at the time to be 

 suffering from sore eyes. CH. Well, then, you will have to run all 

 round the lake. Do you hear ? XA. Whee am I to stop ? CH. At 

 the withering-stone, by the resting-place. Dl. Do you understand? 

 XA. All right. (.Aside.) Woe's me : what have I encountered on 

 starting ? CH. Sit at the oar. Any one else to come ? Make haste- 

 now then, what are you at ? (to Dionysus) . Dl. What am I at ? Why, 

 sitting on the oar, as you told me. CH. Well, sit down there, then. 

 Da you hear, fat paunch ? Di. Yes. CH. Put out your hands and 

 reach forward. Do you hear ? Dl. Yes. CH. Now don't keep 

 trifling, but put your feet against the stretcher and pull hard. Dl. 

 Pull hard! Why, how can I pull hard, when. I am unskilled no 

 seaman, no Salaminian ? CH. Very easily, for you will hear the most 

 charming strains directly you put your oar in. Dl. Strains ! From 

 whom ? CH. From the swan frogs, a perfect marvel. Di. Give the 

 word, then. CH. Heave ho ! Push off. CHORUS. Croak, croak, croak ! 

 Children of the marshy founts, let us raise in concert with flutes a 

 loud hymn, my sweet minstrelsy croak, croak which we are wont to 

 sing in the marsh around Dionysus, god of Nysa, Zeus' own son, what 

 time the crowd of drunken revellers passes through my domains at 

 the sacred feast of the cups croak, croak, croak ! 



We subjoin a spirited paraphrase of the opening of the chorus 

 from the pen of Mr. Frere : 



(Scene t7ve ^cheriisian lake. DIONYSUS at the oar in CHARON'S boat. 



CHARON. Chorus of Frogs.) 

 Semi-chorus (angrily). Crook, croak, croak ! 

 Furfoso, and the music an octave loicer. Croak, croak, croak ! 

 Leader of Chorus. Through marsh and through pool, 



Into crevice and hole, 



I throw out my voice, and a strain I invoke. 

 This bold navigation 

 Demands of our nation 

 A grand demonstration of 



Chorus. Croak, croak ! 



Leader. Such as late was our strain, 



When through this our domain 

 Rude wassailers wandered, and Bacchanal folk- 

 They of Nysa loud telling, 

 While we, with throats swelling, 

 Their shouts were repelling with 

 Chorus. Croak, croak ! 



RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



GRASSES, REEDS, AND RUSHES. 



AMONGST the rich and varied gifts which Nature has placed 

 at the disposal of the human race it would be difficult to find 

 one so pre-eminently useful as the family of grasses, from which 

 all our cereals may be said to have sprung. The bamboo-cane 

 (Bambusa arundinacea), as being the largest known grass, stands 

 first on our list for consideration ; and although its growth is 

 mainly restricted to tropical and sub-tropical countries, its sphere 

 of usefulness may be said to be almost world-wide. In fact, 

 throughout the Eastern world no greater calamity could befall 

 than the loss of this inestimable treasure. And here it may be 

 well to observe the ministering care with which an all-wise Pro- 

 vidence has bestowed the gifts best suited to man in the various 

 regions in which his lot may be cast ; and as there are sermons 

 in stones and good in everything, so are there discourses most 

 plainly and eloquently inscribed on the furrowed bark, the 

 veined and spotted leaf, and amongst the waving grasses, plumed 

 reeds, trees of the forest, the ebbing and flowing tide. The 

 drifting ocean-borne gulf-weed and the sea-wrack of the reefs 



t 



