172 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN GREEK XXXVII. 



PERMUTATION OF CONSONANTS. 



THE variations in letters which have come under our notice are 

 not arbitrary, but these, with others, depend chiefly on euphonic 

 laws. Of such laws or observances we have already spoken, in 

 giving the nncontracted and contracted vowel equivalents. The 

 consonants, also, in coming together, undergo changes according 

 to determinate rules. 



The consonants are divided into liquids (namely, A, p., v, p) 

 and mutes (namely, IT, K, r ; j8, 7, 8 ; tp, x> 0), and by the union 

 of ff with these the double consonants ty, f > and are produced ; 

 thus 



ij/ is equal to irir, /3<r, or <fxr. 

 I Kff, yff, or x<r. 



C off. 



The nine mutes are divided in three ways, namely first, the 

 organ chiefly employed in pronouncing them, as (1) palatals 

 (pronounced by the palate), K, y, x ; (2) linguals (pronounced by 

 the tongue), r, 8, 6 called, also, dentals ; and (3) labials (pro- 

 nounced by the lips), ir, )8, </>. A second classification arises 

 from considering what may be termed the predominant sound : 

 thus, in K, 7, x> vou have a k sound ; in r, 8, 0, a t sound ; and 

 in ir, /3, <f>, a p sound. There is also a third division into tenues 

 (or slender), K, r, IT; mediae (or middle), 7, 8, /3 ; and aspiratce 

 (or aspirate), x 0> $ 



The following, then, are the facts which regard the use and 

 interchange of the consonants : 



A p sound (ir, $, <p) or a k sound (K, 7, x) before a t sound 

 (r, 8, 6) must be of the same kind with the t sound that is, 

 before a tenuis, as r, can only be placed a tenuis, as TT or K ; 

 before a media, as 8, only a media, as /3 or 7 ; before an aspirata, 

 as Q, only an aspirata, as <(> or x- Thus you have -sr and KT, /38 

 and 78, fyQ or x# ; thus 



CORRECT FORM. 



/3 before T becomes ir, as rpift-w, I rub, rtrptB-rat, rerpiirrai. 

 <t> f ,, ir, ypa<f>ca, I write, ytypcKp-rai, yeypa-Trrai. 

 7 T ., K, A7a>, I speak, \t\ty-rat, AcAe/crai. 

 X T K > &P*X W > ^ we ^i &*Pp f X~' rat > /3e$pf KTat. 

 ic 8 )8, ,, KVTTTG), I bend, /cuir-8o, tcvRSa. 

 <t> 8 ,, P, ypa<p<a, I write, ypa<p-Sriv, ypa^Srjv. 

 K 8 ,, 7, ,, irAt/cco, I weave, irAe/c-STjc, 

 X 8 ,, 7, ,, ppfx<a, I wet, ^ptx^'tv, 

 ir 6 <j>, TT/j.Trca, I send, eirejUTT-0771', 

 )8 <p, ,, rpifita, I nib, fTpi/3-8rjv, 

 K d ,, x> )> 'f\fKa>,Iioeave ) cjr\K-8^y, tirXex.QTii'. 

 y ,, d x> Ae7<>, Isay, eAry-Or^, eAex^'7''- 



The preposition tic remains unaltered before 8 and ; as 

 tuSovvcu, tuOftvcu, etc.- not tySovvcu and ex6 f ""*' 



The tenues, namely, TT, K, r, pass into the corresponding 

 aspirate (aspirates), (p, x> "> no * ori \J i n derivations and in- 

 flections, but also in compounds, before an aspirated vowel ; 

 thus 

 Instead of firrmfpos, write f<t>rj/j.tpos (eirt and ^/uepa, a day). 



firvfyaivia, f<pv(paiv<a (tin and ixfjaivw, I weave). 



TfTVTr-a, TfTv(f>a (TVTTTOJ, I strike). 



OVK Offitas, o\>x 6ffi<as (dfftos, Jwly). 



Se/ojyuepos, ,, ifvrifJLfpos (Se/ca, ten, and f]/j.pa). 



TfTpifi-a, TTpi<J>o (rpi/Sco, I rub). 



These changes take place also in crasis that is, where two 

 vowels are mixed into one as Bartpa. from TO, erepn. If the 

 tenues irr or KT precede, both must be converted into aspirates, 

 as e<(>Br]nepos instead of eimytepos- 'from firm, seven, and rjftepo, 

 day). 



A t sound (T, 8, 6) before another t sound passes into <r, but 

 in the perfect and pluperfect active is dropped before K ; as 



evei8-6r]v, from 7rei0a>, I persuade, becomes eireied-riv. 

 irfid-reos, ,, ireicrTfoy. 



flpfiS-drji', epdSu, I prop, Tjptt(r9r]i>. 



irfrrfid-Ka., irej^co, I persuade, irrireiKa. 



N before another liquid passes into the same liquid ; as 

 cvv-Xoyifa, I reason, becomes ffv\\oyifa. 

 fy-^.fvca, I remain in, ffj.fjLevo}. 



ffvv-pnfTta, I throw with, <rvppnrTca. 



The same is seen in the Latin iZfino (in and lino), immineo (in 

 and maneo). 



An exception is found in the preposition (v before p as *v- 

 ptirrw, I throw in ; yet in Latin irruo, not inruo. 



p sound (TT, j8, <f>) before p. passes into p.. [changed. 



k (K and x) >? A* 7> but 7 remains un- 



t (r, 8, 6) p. ff ; as 



1. p sound. rerpi$-fj.ai, from Tpi&u, I rub, TerptfjLfj.au 



\e\enr-fj.u.t, \tnrca, I leave, AeAf i/^uau 



yeypa<p-/j.at, ,, ypa^xa, I write, yfypa/j./j.at* 



2. X; sound. ireir\tK-p.ai, ,, TrAe/cw, I knit, 7rf7rAe7/xcu. 



\e\ey-fj.ai, \eyca, I say, hf\tyuai. 



3. t sound. t]vvT-p.a,i, ., avvrta, I finish, 7]vv fffj.au 



epriptiS-nai, ,, epetSca, I support, eprjpeifffj.at. 

 ictireiQ-fj.cu, ,, iretO<a,Ipersuade, ireirfiffp.cn. 

 KfKOfj.t5-fj.ai, ., KOfitfo, I carry, KfKOfj.tfffj.au 



N before a p sound (TT, #, <p, ty) passes into p. ; 



* (* 7, X> I) > 7 : 



t (T, 8, 6) remains unchanged; as 



ev-iTfipia. becomes fftireipta, experience. 



ev-/3aAAa> ,, ffj.f3a\\d>, I cast into. 



ei>-<ppcav ,, ffuppwv, sensible, rational, 



ev-'fyvxos ,, *M^ U X^' animated. 



ffvv-Ka\tia ffvyKa\tca, I call together. 



ffuv-yiyvcaffKbi ., ffvyyiyvfaffKca, I "know with. 



ffvv-Xpovo<> ffvyxpovos, being at the same time. 



avv-^fia ffvytci>, I smooth. 



Compare the Latin irabuo and imprimo. Nevertheless, we 

 find ffwreivta, I stretch; ffwSfoa, I bind luith; and ffwdtca, 1 

 run with. 



The enclitics, or those words which receive a particle at the 

 end, form an exception ; as dvirtp (6v and irt p), Tovye (TOP and ye). 



P sound (ir, , <(>) unites with a to form ^ ; 

 -^ (K, y, x) ,, <r | ; 



T (T, 8, 6) before ff disappears ; as 



1. p sound, \etir-ffca, from \eiirta, I leave, becomes Aeii|/w. 



rpifi-ffca, Tpt&ci), I rub, rpityta. 



ypa<p-ffco, ,, ypa<t><i>, I ivrite, ., ypatyca. 



2. fc sound. irXfK-ffta, ,, irXfKta, I twist, ., ir\f<a. 



\ty-ffta, \tyta, I say, ., Ae^co. 



3. t Bound, avvr-ffw, ,, avvrta, I finish, ,, afvffca. 



fpftS-ffdi, tpetScii, I support, ., tpfiffta. 

 iTftd-ffca, ., TretOdi, I persuade, ,, iretffoi. 



Compare also, in the Latin, dua:i, from duco; rexi, from rego- r 

 and coxi, from coguo. As an exception, in the preposition EK 

 the K before ff remains ; as fKffwfa, I save. 



N vanishes before ff, and if v is connected with a t sound 

 both sounds vanish before ff ; but the short vowel before the ff 

 is lengthened that is to say, e into ei, o into ov, and a, i, C into 

 a, I, ii ; as 



SeiKVVVT-ffl 



becomes 65ovm. 

 e\/j.lfft. 



SflKfVfft. 



5ai/j.ov-ffL becomes Saiyuoir;. 



TV(t>dfVT-ffl ,, TV<f>6tlffl. 



ffTTfO-ffCM) ,, ffWftffW. 



The following are exceptions : tv, as evffirfipai, I sow in ; 

 ira\iv,&STra\u>ffKios, thickly shaded ; some inflections and deriva- 

 tions in ffai and ffis, as irt<pa.vfftu, from <paav<a, I show ; and a few 

 substantives in ivs and vvs. The v in aw in compounds before 

 a and a following vowel passes into ff, as ffvffffufa ; but if after 

 v a ff with a consonant or a follows, then the v disappears, as 

 ffw-ffrrifj.a, ffvffrri/j.a ; ffw-vyia, ffv^vyta. 



An exception to the extension of e into ft before .v and a t 

 sound appears in the adjectives which end in eis, fffffa, tv, the 

 dative plural masculine and neuter of which is e<n instead of eiffi. 



Two immediately following syllables of a word cannot in cer- 

 tain cases begin with aspirates, but the first aspirate passes into 

 the kindred tenuis. This fact is exemplified in 



1. The verbal reduplication ; as 

 Instead of ^C-^IATJ/CO, from (/>iAea>, J love, we have 



X f ~X^ Ka > x fta >IP our i KexvKa. 



0f-6iJKa, ,, dvca, I sacrifice, TtOvKa. 



6t-6r),ui, (stem dt), I place, nOrjfj.u 



