186 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



which may not be illustrated, whether it be mechanics, the steam- 

 engine, the laws of light, or natural history, anatomy, ethnology, 

 costumes, architecture, or the more popular themes of Blue 

 Beard, Aladdin and the wonderful lamp, et hoc genus omne. 



The simplicity of this optical arrangement is very remarkable. 

 It consists only of two magic lanterns, placed side by side, and 

 so arranged that the lenses, the condensers, and the front 

 glasses called focussing lenses are exactly alike. The illuminat- 

 ing power, whether it be paraffine, magnesium wire, the oxy- 

 calcium light, the oxy-hydrogen light, or the electric light, must 

 of course be similar in each lantern. 



The description of these various artificial lights has already 

 been given in the POPULAR EDUCATOR, (Vol. IV., pages 161, 

 207), and therefore need not be repeated here; but the question 

 of economising oxygen gas has often been considered, but never 

 better carried out than in the following arrangement, called the 

 neiv patent stopcock dissolver, an invention of Mr. Baker, of 

 Holborn. 



This dissolver is constructed to obviate the necessity of the 

 complicated system of stopcocks in general use for producing 

 dissolving effects. It consists of a brass tube, C, C (Fig. 6), about 

 five inches long, the ends of which, c, C, are the inlets, and D, r> 

 and E, E the outlets of the gases. A, a lever for opening or 

 closing the apertures D, r> and E, E ; F, F, adjusting stops ; B, an 

 arm by which it may be clamped to the lanterns. 



To use the Apparatus. Connect the gas-bags to the tubes 

 c, c, which are marked with the initial letters of the respective 

 gases, and the jet in the right-hand side lantern to the two top 

 apertures, 'D and 32; the left side jet to the lower tubes, D 

 and E. 



When the lever is placed midway, as at A, all apertures are 

 open, and au equal quantity of gas supplied to each lantern for 

 night illuminations, snow effects, etc. 



By turning the lever half-way to the right, the oxygen in the 

 right-hand lantern is gradually cut off, and, by continuing the 

 motion, the hydrogen is also reduced, and by adjusting the 

 stops, F, F, only sufficient flame is left to keep the lime cylinders 

 hot until required again ; thus economising the consumption of 

 gas, and keeping the lantern cool and free from smoke. The 

 reverse movement of the lever produces a similar effect on the 

 gases in the lantern on the left-hand side. It will be seen from 

 the above description that the lever A, in passing from F to 

 F, admits the gas to one lantern before turning it off in the 

 other, thus keeping the disc always bright. Another very im- 

 portant advantage in this apparatus is, that it may be detached 

 from the lanterns and used upon the lecturer's reading-desk, or 

 other convenient situation within reach; thus enabling him to 

 dissolve the view at the moment indicated by the description. 



The above description describes the whole secret, if it be so 

 called, of causing one picture to fade away into the other. Thus 

 while one lantern is lighted up, and the picture in it is projected 

 on to the disc, the second lantern is also lighted up and has its 

 picture, but the front is closed with a sliding plate. If then a 

 quarter of the opening of the first lantern is closed, and a similar 

 portion of the second lantern opened, the dissolving commences, 

 and is continued by cutting off half of the first picture and 

 showing one-half of the second ; then three quarters of the first 

 are obscured and three quarters of the second disclosed ; 

 finally, the whole of the first picture is shut off, and the whole 

 of the second thrown on to the disc. Circular plates of brass 

 moved by the hands enable the operator to use great taste and 

 discretion in managing the obscuration and disclosing of the 

 first and second picture. 



Pig. 7 shows the two achromatic oxy-hydrogen dissolving-view 

 lanterns used in the Polytechnic. The lenses are remarkably 

 fine, and, considering the size of the great disc covered with the 

 pictures placed in these lanterns, the results are most excellent. 

 The dissolving apparatus, it will be seen, consists only of the 

 brass circular plates, which are so hung on one pin that they 

 move easily over the apertures, and remain back when the full 

 opening is required at the time the picture is being displayed. 

 These lanterns are wholly made of sheet iron, and therefore 

 no accident from fire can occur. Wooden lanterns frequently 

 take fire by the heat from the oxy-hydrogen apparatus, and 

 although the flames are easily extinguished the accident may 

 cause delay and anxiety at an entertainment. 



In Fig. 8 the boarding that hid the dissolving-view ap- 

 paratus used at the Polytechnic from the public is removed. 



to show the arrangement of the large dissolving lanterns, not 

 achromatic, used for the painted pictures, which are eight inches 

 by six and a-half inches, and cost about five or seven guineas 

 each, viz., one to two guineas for the design, and three to five 

 guineas for the execution. The pictures are painted in the most 

 exquisite manner, and it is simply a waste of time for any one 

 to attempt this art who has not served an apprenticeship to it. 

 The best artists, who can execute good pictures on canvas 

 or paper, fail when they attempt to transfer the result of their 

 genius to glass, because the selection and use of the colours 

 and varnish are secrets only to be learnt by entering the glass- 

 painting studios of those who paint the best pictures. 



LESSONS IN" GERMAN. LVIL 



45. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



(1 .) The ordinal numbers are those which answer to the ques- 

 tion, " Which one of the series ? " They are regularly inflected 

 according to the rules already given for the declension of adjec- 

 tives. 



ORDINALS. 



erfte, the first. 

 jiceitc, the second. 

 britte, the third. 

 ttierte, the fourth. 

 funfte, the fifth. 

 fcdjftc, the sixth. 

 ficfcente, the seventh. 

 acfjtc, the eighth. 

 neunte, the ninth. 

 jefynte, the tenth. 

 elftc, the eleventh. 

 gioutfte, the twelfth. 

 breijefynte, the thirteenth. 

 sicrjeljmte, the fourteenth. 

 funfjefynte, the fifteenth. 

 fecfysefynte, the sixteenth. 

 fie&enjefynte or ficfcjefyntc, the 



seventeenth. 

 ad)tjel)ntc, the eighteenth. 

 neuiijefynte, the nineteenth. 

 jttanjigfle, the twentieth. 

 ein unb jnxntjtgfie, the twenty- 



first. 

 jtoet unb jtuanjigfic, the twen-, 



ty-second. 



er breipigfie, the thirtieth. 



tin unb bretptgfle, the thirty- 

 first. 



?toet unb breiptgflc, K., the 

 thirty-second, etc. 



ttitrjigflc, the fortieth. 



funfjtgfle, the fiftieth. 



fecfjjigfte, the sixtieth. 



ftefcenjigfte or ftebjigfte, the 

 seventieth. 



acfytjigfie, the eightieth. 



neunjigfle, the ninetieth. 



Ijunbcrtftc, the 100th. 



J)untert unb erfte, the 101st. 



^unbert unb jniettc, the 102nd. 



tyunbert unb britte, the 103rd. 



gmct^unbertfic, the 200th. 



brcif;ttnbcrtfle, the 300th. 



taufenbflc, the 1,000th. 



jttcitaufenbftc, the 2,000th. 



bvcitaufenbfte, the 3,000th. 



jef;ntaufenbfle, the 10,000th. 



l;unberttaufenbfle, ic., the 

 100,000th, etc. 



(2.) Observe that, in the formation of the ordinals from the 

 cardinals, a certain law is observed : viz., from jrcci (two) to 

 neunje^n (nineteen) the corresponding ordinal in each case (brttte 

 and acf)tc excepted) is made by adding the letters te ; as, jn?ct, 

 two; jujcttc, second; tticr, four; inert e, fourth, etc. Beyond 

 that number (nineteen), the same effect is produced by adding 

 fie ; as, jwaitjig, twenty; jnxmjtgfte, twentieth, etc. Srfle is from 

 ef;cr (before). 



(3.) Note, also, that ter anbere (the other) is often used in 

 place of bcr jiccttc, but only in cases where two objects alone arc 

 referred to. 



(4.) In compound numbers it must be observed that the last 

 one only, as in English, bears the suffix tc or fie ; but in this 

 case the units usually precede the tens ; thus, bet ttict unb jruan- 

 3uj fl c, the four and twentieth. 



(5.) We have also a sort of interrogative ordinal, formed from 

 leie (how) and ttiet (much), which is used when we wish to put 

 the question, "Which of the number?" as: cr ttrieuiclfh tft 

 Iieute? what day of the month is to-day ? >a toiestelftt tfi e? 

 how many does that make ? 



46. DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS. 



The distributives, which answer to the question, " How many 

 at a time ? " are formed, as in English, by coupling cardinals 

 with the conjunction unb (and), or by using before them the 

 particle je (ever ; at a time) ; thus : 



3tt>ct unb $inet, two and two ; or je jtuei, two at a time. 



<>rei unb brci, three and three ; or jc bvct, three at a time, etc. 



47. MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS. 

 The multiplicatives, which answer to the question, "How 



