

HI 



Thin pronoun is often strengthened by the insertion of own \ 

 m Holf . Obriiirvo that when own i thus 



inserted, the objective him l> m-i Ini, th.: ; 



"nut th,-,-i owns.'lv.-H, l.ut f/K'irownselvt-' .-t maybeox- 



: i Inn : self is used ti a noun, for wo nay " the lore of te{f 

 und.Tinin.'i exoellenoe." Myself is employed in the MUM way j 

 ;m.l t1\amulvet ; an, " It is myself," that U, " it in 

 >nk no wn by such and such a name. ' ' Being a noun , him- 

 self has tin) force and tho government of a noun. Theuo alt 



iit until brought out by tho insertion of own when Mm is 

 changed into his, for we say, " ho hurt his ownself," aa well an 

 " he took his own hat." It may, indeed, be doubted whether it 

 in oorroot to represent his ownself aa a pronoun at all ; instead of 

 HO doing, wo may regard ownself CM a compound noun, baring in 

 nt with it the possoanive pnniou- 



With tho aid of e//the word one forms a compound pronoun, 

 M one's self. This pronoun exists exclusively in tin- third person 

 singular. The one's is to be written with an apostrophe, it IHMMI,', 

 in fact, the possessive case of tho general term one, governed or 

 n>.|uir.'.l to !>. in that case by the noun self, according to tho rulo 

 whirh will bo formally expounded when we come to Syntax, that 

 when at <i anotlier, the dependent noun must 



be in the possessive case. The student must carefully mark tho 

 nature of thia word one. One, as found in one's self, is not the 

 numeral one. It is a contracted form of tho French hommo, 

 w<m , hommo, in tho rapidity of conversation, becomes first horn 

 and then on las, on dit, man says, one says, that is, they say, people 

 say). From on was formed tho English one, which in time came 

 to be mistaken for our name of unity. As, however, one (on, 

 homme, man) was originally a noun, so it retains tho functions 

 of a noun, and should therefore, in combination with self, be 

 written not " oneself " but " one's self ; " as 



" One cannot walk a furlong: without hearing ouo's self abused." 

 Here, again, emphasis interpolates own ; as 



" One's oion self is apt to be only too well cared for." 



The simple pronoun who becomes a compound, by taking into 

 combination with itself the particle so, whoso ; as 



" Whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean." (Lev. jd. 27.) 



Instead of so, the particle ever is added, forming whoever. 

 The two particles so and ever were, with who, fused into one 

 word- aa whosoever. Tho difference in meaning between ivhoso, 

 whoever, and wJiosoever is inconsiderable. In common usage, 

 whoever is now more frequent than whosoever, and whoso is 

 rarely employed ; but whosoever was most common in the days 

 of Elizabeth and James. The force of these particles is to render 

 the definite pronoun to/w indefinite ; as 



" HTiosorr he be of the children of Israel." (Lev. xx. 2.) 



The who in this compound undergoes its usual inflections, as, 

 whosoever, to/vosesoever, ic/wmsoever. Care must be taken not to 

 confound the possessive with the nominative ; in the following 

 the possessive is used : 



" Whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted." (John xx. 23.) 



With ever and soever, what enters into union, forming the inde- 

 finite pronoun whatsoever, which is used of things. What, as an 

 indirect interrogative, has an adjectival construction ; as 



" And the officers shall apeak, saying. What man is there that hath 

 built a new house P r> (Dout. xx. 5) ; 



and may, as here, be employed in connection with persons ; so 

 we find the word resolved thus : 



" What man soever there be of the house of Israel " (Lev. xvii. 3) j 



also whatsoever man (Lev. xvii. 10). Hence it appears that, as 

 applied to persons, whosoever is purely a pronoun, and whatsoever 

 is a pronominal adjective. 



With the neuter which, also, the particles ever and soever 

 combine, forming whichever and whichsoever ; as 



" You shall have whiclievtr of these books you wish." 



Among the compound pronouns, the pronouns which are called 

 reciprocal find their proper station. 



Reciprocal pronouns are those in which the action is recipro- 

 cated, that is, proceeds from the one to the other ; as 

 They struck each other. 



Each other is a reciprocal pronoun, for the action of each falls 

 on tho other. Let there be two persons concerned, A and B ; 

 then A strikes B, and B strikes A. The right pronoun to use 



bar* is one another. Let three or more persoe* be eoneeraed. 

 A, B.. .trikes B and C. and B strikes A and C, and 



C strikes A and B. Th proper pronoun bet* is e*A otkir. OM 

 another is however u*ed, in a general way, where several pemmi 

 are concerned i for etample s 



BKCIPKOCAL HBOMOUYI. 

 Two Pnoiu i They lor* OM 



TV* or mo,. P 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, OE PEONOMINJLL ADJECTIYM. 

 An already intimated, the onion in OM word of the attributes 

 of an adjective and thoee of a pronoun give* birth to a eUee of 

 terms which may be designated as aujadivt proaoiMU. or fro- 

 nominal adjcetiiHii. We give the ensuing litt : 



Another. 

 Any. 



K.irl; othrr. 



Hither. 



Every. 

 One. 

 Th one. 



'Hi.: ..tli.-r. 



aoa*. 



:<... . .- ,. 



There are other forms of words, such as oil, anybody, some. 

 body, etc., which have been ranked under our present heed, bat 

 which appear to fall under other categories. All, tot instance, 

 is clearly an adjective ; somebody is made np of tome, an adjec- 

 tive, and body, a noun. It must, however, be admitted that 

 the lines of demarcation here are not very clear, and a word 

 which appears to one person as an adjective may to another 

 seem to take rank among pronouns. But it may be suggested 

 that, whatever other quality a word may possess or acquire, it 

 must, in order to take rank among pronouns, be capable of 

 standing instead of a noun, and that independently, and not 

 merely as an adjective having its noun understood. 



The derivation of the words which form the foregoing list is 

 sufficiently clear without additional remarks. 



Some of the words remain unin fleeted ; as, any and own. 

 Most of them are, however, capable of a possessive case, M 

 another's, each other's, one another's, either 1 !, neither'!, tht 

 former's, the tatter's ; for example : 



" Thomas and William fought ; the former broke the latttr't left 

 arm, and the latter knocked out t/i former'* right eye/' 



PBEPOSITIOrfS. 



In tho universe, and in human life, things stand not apart and 

 alone, but are connected together, and act one upon another. 

 This system of mutual dependence is conceived of by the mind, 

 and finds utterance in our words. If the utterance is a suitable 

 and sufficient utterance, language must represent the reciprocal 

 relations that exist everywhere. Language does express those 

 relations. Dependence exists in language as much as in the 

 universe. The object depends on its verb ; the possessive case 

 depends on its noun ; nouns generally depend also on prepo- 

 sitions. The dependence of nouns on prepositions is BII (emtiil 

 clement in language. If I say " I go," I make a scarcely in- 

 telligible statement; but if I say " I go to school," I make a full 

 statement, and am understood. Remove the to, the sentence 

 is incomplete. I have uttered no idea. To is a preposition; 

 hence you see that in certain forms of words prepositions are 

 necessary to the sense. Here the relation marked by the pre- 

 position is tho relation of a verb to a noun. How does po stand 

 related to school ? In the preposition to the answer is found. 

 Instead of to the preposition might be /roin, or out of, still the 

 relation of the verb go to the noun school depends for its cbaractei 

 on tho preposition. Not wholly or exclusively does the relation 

 depend on the preposition. In part the relation depends on the 

 verb. In full, then, the relation depends on" the verb and on the 

 preposition. The preposition supplements the verb. The pre- 

 position supplies that of which the verb fails. The preposition 

 defines the exact relation of tho verb to the noun. Hence t 

 preposition might be considered as a part of the verb ; and the 

 verb, instead of being a simple word, might be regarded 

 compound word, thus : " I go-to school," " I comt-from i 

 Wore tho verbs so regarded, school would then be simply 

 object to tho compound verbs I go-to, I come-from. Sach is 

 case in Greek and Latin. In the hitter language, for instance, 

 the preposition enters as a prefix into combination with the verb, 

 and the two in combination govern their case, that is, simply, 

 and in virtue of their own power, take an object. I may make 

 this clear by an instance : in Latin, deprimo means J ini, thus. 



