LESSONS IN GREEK. 





ampin, as TI/ITTUI and <ptvyu aro tho ordinary prevent tenses, yet 



n-j,'u!iirly giv.i n to curtain durivod tonne*, no am 



TTnn and +Tm presented M themes or bason on which may bo 



; tho Hooond aorUt passive t-finr-rjt> and tho second aorit 



active f-<f>0y-<>v. For Uio convenience of students, those tlwmei 



are prii iuiln. 



CONVERSION OF THB ITKK. 



A second ohango whioh mute verbs undergo in their tonse- 



<>u consist* in the change of the ntom-vowel, whioh we 



: i version, as tcXfirrw, / tteal, aor. 2 pauive t-K\&w-j), 



><t-n\o<p-a, whore the of tho present is converted into & 



ninl o. Tho converted vowel (conversion) appears only in tli- 



second tenses and some first perfects. 



mute verbs, having a monosyllabic atom and for the 

 wel, take in the 2nd aor. active, middle, and passive, M 

 well as in tlio Jiul fut. passive, a as the converted vowel : 

 rpir-w, I turn, aor. 2 act. f-Tpdir-of. xX<irro, / steal, 



aor. 2 pass. t-KXdw-rn'. 



This, however, is not always tho case ; as 

 0A*ira>, I behold, impcrf. t-&\fir-oi>, aor. 2 pass. -/3Xir-7j*'. 



Some mute verbs with monosyllabic stems and for their 

 stem-vowel take, in tho second perfect and pluperfect, the con- 

 version o; and those which have ec in those syllables take the 



ion at : for example 

 Tpttpu, I nourish, rrrpo(pa. Xttirta, I leave, \f\otira. 



Tho same conversion is taken by tho following verbs in tho 



:-foct ; namely 



.rXeirrw, perf. 1 KtK\o<pa (but perf. mid. or pass. tttn\fft.fi.at). 

 *.tyw, arvvtikox*, {Xoxa(but pf. m. or p. (rvyciXcypcu). 



ftft.iru, trtirofj.<pa (but pf. mid. or pass. Tere^ai). 

 rptiru, TfTpo<pa, perf. 2 of rpttyta. 



Snow, I fear, perf. 1 5e5o</ca. 



Tho following three, in tho perfect and pluperfect middle or 

 passive, take as tho conversion a, which does not pass into tho 

 first aorist passive : 



ffrpp<a, I turn back, pf. m. or p. tffrpa.fj.ft.ai (but a. 1 p. (arpt<p6i}v). 

 rpcirta, I turn, Ttrpanfiat ( rpf<p&ijif). 



rpf<p<a, I nourish, TeOpa/t/uot ( (OpttpQ^v). 



REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF THK SECOND TENSES. 



All tho second tenses aro distinguished from the first tenses 

 partly in this, that they lack tho tense characteristic, and conse- 

 quently attach the person-endings (ov, oftijv, i\v, riffofiat, a, and 

 (if) immediately to the pure characteristic of the verb, as 

 e-Xiir-oi' ; partly in this yet with the exception of the second 

 perfect that they are formed from tho pure unaltered verbal 

 stem, as Aeiir-o>, e-XIw-ov ; <ptvy-w, aor. 2 t-fyv-yov ; and, again, 

 partly in this that they take tho conversion, as ffTpp-w, 

 t-ffrpa.<p-rfv, <TTpa<p-i}ffofi.ai, but -<rrp<f>-0Tji'. 



The second perfect lengthens either the short stem-vowel, as 

 & into i) (after p and vowels in d), or it retains the long vowel 

 of tho present ; as 



Kpafa, I croak, aor. 2 act. f-Kp&y-ov, perf. 2 Kt-Kpdy-a. 



TJJKW, I melt, aor. 2 pass. e-Ta/t-jjp, Tt-rij-K-a. 



<pfvyo>, I flee, aor. 2 act. t-(pvy-ov, Trt-tytvy-a.. 



Verbs which distinguish the second aorist active from tho 

 imperfect cither not at all, or merely by tho quantity of tho 

 stem-vowel, have no second aorist active and middle, though 

 they have tho second aorist passive, since the latter has a 

 termination different from that of the imperfect ; as 

 ypa<pco, I write, imperf . typaipov, aor. 2 act. and mid. wanting, 

 aor. 2 pass. typa$i)v. 



DIVISION OF MUTE VERBS. 



Mute verbs, like tho mute letters, aro divided into three 

 classes, according to their predominant letter. In each of 

 those three classes are verbs with pure and verbs with impure 

 characteristic in the present and imperfect. 



1. Verbs whose characteristic is a p sound (ir, 0, <f>, pure ; -rr 

 impure) : 



(a) Pure Characteristic. f}\t*-w, I tee ; rpift-w, I rub ; 



ypu,<p-ti>, I write. 



(b) Impure Characteristic. rtnrr-oi, I strike (pure charac- 



teristic IT, pure stem TT*) ; j8Xairr-a>, / injure (ft, 

 BAAB) ; pnrr-u, I cast (<p, PI*). 



V,-:!., ),. 



fa a It aotmd (, y, *, J""* ; 

 / plait t 



or fff, ifltfwrv) i 



(a) Pitr 



ft/ X i, Ifram*. 

 (I) /iH^ 



(euro character , pure atom tPlK) ; vaao-* (Att 

 TaTT-) f lift in ordtr (y, TAP) ; H^atr-* (AtL 3- 

 / <igh (x, BH 



8. Verbs whoM charaeteritia U a t oond (r, I, 9, pun, 

 imj/ure) ; a 



(o) Pura Charaetfriitit. oxvr^, / end i ? 8^, / 

 vnO-, / jxrtuadt. 



(b) Impure Characterittie.^fa^^, / My (pore 



terUtio 9, para ctom *PAA). 



Some verbs ending in TTW or 0am have for thair pore charao* 

 toriMtic, not a k sound, bnt a t mound M if MOTTM, / n4pt, put 

 together, fut. -off*; tpiaav, I tUer i vaaow, I lettrcw i iioaam, 

 I form i vrtffffta, I pound. The verb vaaou, / preu together, 

 has both formation*, aa fat. caw, etc., perf. mid. or paa. M> 

 va.n^a.1, verbal adj. ycurrot, 



Many verbs in fa, whioh for the most part epie* a soood 

 or call, have for their pore charaeterwtio, not a t oond, hot a 

 fc sound, commonly y ; for example, atafa, I lament (erjmt 1 . u'.) ; 

 oAoAafui, / sliout the war-cry ; itoifa, I yrunt (like a pig}; Kpafa, 

 I croak (like a raven) ; pairrifa, I whip t o&afa, I lite ; otfi*fa 

 (t. -O(JMI), I bewail (cry o ! 01 !). 



The following in fa have both formations : farm fa, I carry, 

 f. -a.au, etc., aor. pass. tfaffTax&ni' ; rvff-rafa, I nod, am rirpwwy, 

 fut. -affu and -o{ ; iraifa, I play, joke, fut. wcu^ovfuu aod *o*{o- 

 fiat, aor. Tai<ra ; perf. mid. or pass, irtftuoft.au. 



The following three in fa have for their pore eharacterfatie 

 yy ; namely, K\afa, I sound, I dang, perf. 2 K*ic\ayym, fut. 

 n\ay^, aor. cxXayfa ; *\afa, I mislead, lead astray, f. *Aayf, 

 etc. ; <ra\irifa, I sound a trumpet, f. aaXwiyfa, etc. 



FORMATION OF THE TEN8B8 IN XUTB 



The first perfect and pluperfect active hare the aspirated 

 terminations a and ctV if the characteristic is a p sound or a i 

 sound 



(p sound rpip-w, TTpi/3-a, which becomes rrrpt^a, 



k sound rXcK-a*, TC-TXCK-O, h vTXxa), 



but the terminations (to, KV, when the characteristic is a i sound ; 

 yet the t sound disappears before K, as - <-xo, from v<0-. 



The vowels a, i, w, in verbs having a t sound as characteristic, 

 are short before tho terminations with the tense characteristic* 

 <r and K (-<ca, -Ktiv), as Qpafa, tppatru, t<f>patra, fpcuca. In the 

 same way, short vowels remain short, as if no fa, I fit, jjppovo. 



When p. precedes a p sound as the characteristic as, for 

 example, in neft.iria, I send /x is thrown out before the termina- 

 tions beginning with /x in the perfect middle or passive, as rt- 

 irtfj.-fjLai instead of (ire-ir/xir-/Mu) r-T/i/i-/icu ; KCL^-rrtt, I bend, 

 Kt-Ka.fj.-ft.at instead of (KC-KO^IT-/UU) Kixafiu-fttu. So when jt U 

 preceded by yy, one y vanishes, as <rfiyy, I late, 

 instead of ((-cr<piyy-fj.ai), tcKpty^au, tfffiyxrcu ; inf. 

 part. fff<piyft.tt>os. 



Verbs whose characteristic is a t sound do not, in ordinary 

 speech, form the second aorist. 



The terminations beginning with <rQ after an 'Tmnmtittrjj 

 preceding mute, lose tho <r, whereon the mate assumes the aspi- 



rate form in consequence of the following 0, aa KtKpv$6<u, instead 

 of K(Kpv\l/6ai (that is, KtKpuTr-crdai). 



The third persons plural perfect and pluperfect, middle or 

 passive, which properly ends in rr<u and rro, can in the impure, 

 both mute and liquid, not be so formed, on account of the "* 

 together of so many consonants. Consequently, the person is 

 commonly expressed with the aid of the plural of the parti* 

 ciple perfect middle or passive, and of the third person plural 

 present and imperfect of the verb civai (in, are, and now, 

 were). Sometimes, however, the is represented by a whioh U 

 said to bo tho vocalisation of the v sound 'Which, after aft 

 sound and p sound, is aspirated, and remains nnaspirated after 

 a i bound ; as 



Third Plural instead of Pl^mfteL 

 rpifi-w, Tf-rpj/i-/ueu, nrpt^arai (TTpi/3rroi) rrrrpfftr*. 



rt-ray-fuu, 



(Trrcryrrai) rrrx* T *' 



