LKSSONS IN 1'KKNCH. 



-11 



(2.) Thin |, irtiriplo in invariable, always terminating in ant; 

 *8, chantant, tinymj ; finissant, jin.ilun,j ; recevant, receiving} 

 vendaiit, m-llimj: 



une dame marchant, 

 dM bout men marchant, 

 J'ai TU IM rent* grondant ur 



OM moiMons Muporbei, 

 Drfracluer IM bli%, M didputer IM 

 DKLIU.K. 



a lady valJtiny. 



i,,, . i in MJ. 



I ha tttn the wind* roaring owr 

 thott ujxrfc harvMU, TO. 

 yrain, and conUnd /or the sheaves. 



66 (2). VERBAL ADJECTIVES ENDING IM ANT. 



(1.) Tito present partioiplo ia often used adjeotively to express 

 u iiuulity, <>r a condition, of a noun. In thu oae it agreea aa 

 an iiilji'i'tivi-, :m,l forum itn feminine and it* plural aa tho latter. 

 Present participles naod adjeotivoly aro called verbal adjectives; 

 they never denote action : 



PARTICIPLES PRESENT USED 



To cU'iiulo Quality. 



Uue foinmo obllgeante cst 

 aiuiiSu do tout le monde. 



liging woman u loved by 

 wry bod i/. 



LM tribus errantes de 

 1'Afrique. 



Th irancJuriHi) tribes of Africa. 



II u'y a que les natures ai- 

 mantes <\\ii soient propres a 

 IVtudo de la nature. 



ItKUNARDIN DE ST. FlXRBE. 



A/tctionate natures (dispositions) 

 only are fit for the study of nature. 



To denote Action. 



Une fomino obligeant tout le 

 monde cat gdui'raleiueut aimtfe. 



A woman obliging everybody it 

 generally lo.vd. 



LM tribus errant dana 



1'Afrique. 



T/w tribes wandering in Africa. 



Lea natures nimuut la solitude 

 aimeut gi<n<$ralement IVtude. 



Nutnres (dispositions) loving soli- 

 tude are in general fond of study. 



(2.) Verbal adjectives generally follow thoir noun. 



67. THE PARTICIPLE PAST. 



(1.) The participle past denotes the completion of the action. 



(2.) It is susceptible of variations for gender and number. 



(3.) Tho participle past, used without an auxiliary, agrees, 

 like an adjective, in gender and number with the noun which it 

 qualifies. 



(4.) Past participles used adjectively follow thoir noun ; the 

 only exception to this rule being the participle pretendu, which 

 ia always placed before the noun it qualifies : 



beloved children. 



esteemed women. 



the self-styled marchioness. 

 Like a golden lamp suspended in 

 the azure vault, the moon balances 

 herself in the confines of the hori- 

 zon; her weakened rays sleep on the 

 turf. 



1 



des enfants Ch6ris, 

 des femmes estimees, 

 la pretendue marquise, 

 Coiiiinc uue lauipe d'or dans 1'iizur 



suspendue, 

 La lune so balance aux bords do 



1'horizon ; 



Sea rayons affaiblis dorment sur 

 le gazon. LAMAUTINE. 



For further rules on the participle past, see Syntax, 130, 

 and following. 



68. THE ADVERB. 



(1.) The adverb is an invariable word joined to verbs, adjec- 

 tives, or to other adverbs, to modify their signification. 

 (2.) Adverbs aro divided into eight classes : 



1. Of manner; doucement, softly; sagement, wisely, etc. 



Of order ; premicremont, Jirst ; d'abord, at Jirtt ; ensuito, 



afterwards, etc. 

 Of place ; ici, 7ir oil, where ; la, there ; ailleura, ele- 



vshere, etc. 



Of time; bier, yesterday; aujourd'hui, to-day; domain, 



to-morroto, etc. 



5. Of quantity ; pen, little ; trop, too much ; beaucoup, much, 



many, etc. 



6. Of comparison ; plus, more ; moins, less ; autant, as much, a 



many, etc. 



7. Of affirmation, iiN oui, ijes; certes, certainly ; commomt, how ; non, 

 terrogation, ncga- no ; nullemeut, by no means ; peut-4tre, per- 

 tion, and doubt ; Jiaps ; ne, PBS, point, not, etc. 



8. Of intensity ; bien, u-cll ; tKs, fort, eery ; tnnt, to much, etc. 



Nor*. Adverba at qnaotity nqnin tlw prapMitkm * to be 

 en and number*, baton th Ben tfcejr 



qualify : 



K I Jo a beaueoop d'Mprit. 

 J'ai PMI d'amls. 



(3 ) A few adjaeiiTM an martial 

 are then invariable i 



o**d adverbially. They 



cbauUtr jUaU, to <Mf UMM. 



ooAU-r Oher, to eoU AMT. 



parlor haul. to tfttk UU. 



(4.) Several word* united together, and bavin* the ton* of 

 aa adverb, an called an adverbial phraM t 



tout i coup, 



PU 4 PU. 



tout 4 1'hwire, 



de tompa en tomp, 



law, eta. 



69. FORMATION or ADVERBS FROM ADJECTITM. 



(1.) Adverba of manner are formed from adjective* by adding 

 ment to the latter. 



('!.) When the adjective enda in the masculine with a vowel, 

 ment is added to tho adjective without any change ia the 



latter : 



utile, 

 poll, 

 aisrf, 



beau, 

 fou, 



mi. n, 



nouveau, 



traltre, 



uM/ui; 

 )'.'; 

 uy; 



ntOament, 



poliment, 



(3.) Exception*. 



beautiful; 



foolish; 



o/t; 



nic; 



treacherous; 



bellement, 



follement, 



mollement, 



nouvellement, 



tndtreuBc-ment, 



Uau(t/U2y. 



*o/Uy. 

 Mwly. 

 trta<hna)il|. 



(4.) When the adjective ends in the masculine with a 

 consonant, the syllable ment is added to iU feminine termi- 

 nation ; as 



(7.) Dentil, pretty, forma its adverb by dropping ita final 1 

 and adding ment : gentiment. 



70. DEGREES or SIONWICATION IN ADVERBS 



IN MKNT. 



(1.) Adverbs ending in ment are, like the adjectii 

 which they are formed, susceptible of three degrees of sig- 

 nification : tho positive, the comparative, and the superlative. 



(2.) The first expresses the manner simply. 



