REf I : l : VI i VE NATURAL HISTORY. 





Sentence* may oho be nude compound by the introduction 01 

 adverbs of time, as 



BOM, QUIT* floret, olot bone. 



The ron, WHEST it jlouwr*, unoU* wU. 

 Or causal con junctions, aa 



Bon, QUOKIAM floret, olot bone. 



Tin rote, BIVCB tt flower*, twwUa irll. 

 OtlnT forms ensue i 



Rosa, BI floret, olot beno. 



Rosa, QtiAMimi floret, olet bone. 



Tha roe tmelU veil, AS LOMO AS it u in flower. 



Bosa sio floret ur oleat bone. 



The row Jtoietrt so THAT it meUs veil. 



Olet WE benerosa, QUIA floret? 



DOM the rote tntH well BECAUSE it u in flower f 



HAUD bone olot rosa QUUK non floreat. 



The row does nor <mu>U icoU SINCE it does not Jit 



SYNTAX AGREEMENT. 



Having given the general explanations that will be found in 



tho iuat lesson, I proceed now to take up each of the general 



tlivUioim into which I have divided the subject of Latin syntax. 



And first I shall treat of 



AGREEMENT. 



Agreement also bears the name of concord. Agreement may 

 .lace variously, as between 



1. A noun and a noun. 



2. A nouu and a pronoun. 



3. A pronoun and a pronoun. 



4. A noun and an adjective or a 



participle. 



5. A nouu with a verb. 



6. A pronoun with a verb. 

 1. A noun agrees with a noun, as 



Tomt/ris fuit regina. 



Tomyris was queen. 

 Hero observe tho two nouns are subject and attribute. Tomyris 

 is tho subject, and regina is tho attribute, and they are both in 

 the nominative case, singular number, and feminine gender. Wo 

 may then say, as a general rule, that a noun as an attribute 

 agrees with its subject in gender, number, and case. Tho 

 sentence before us presents an instance of another fact in Latin 

 syntax namely, that the verb esse (with some others) has the 

 same case after it as before it. 



Sometimes the attribute, though agreeing in sense with the 

 subject, departs from it in gender alone, or in both gender and 

 number ; for example, first as to gender 



Tomyru fuit patrise decus, 



Tomyris was the honour of her country : 



where decus, though referring to a feminine noun, is in the 

 neuter gender. 



In number also the attribute may vary from the subject ; for 

 example 



TOMYRIS fecit DELICI* Scytharum. 

 TOMYRIS was THE DELIGHT of the Scythians. 



A noun, moreover, agrees with a noun when one noun is added 

 to another to explain its meaning or application. This construc- 

 tion is called apposition (from ad, to, and pono, I place), because 

 the second (or third) noun is simply put or subjoined to the 

 first, as 



TOMYRIS, REOINA Scytharum, CYP.UM, REGEM Persarum, devicit ; 

 TOMYKIS, THK yuEEN of ihe Scythians, conquered CYRUS, THE KINO of 

 the Persians; 



where, observe that regina, being in apposition with Tomyris, 

 agrees with it in gender, number, and case. The same relation 

 exists between Cyrum and regem. In this, as in the preceding 

 instance of a noun agreeing with a noun, a departure is allow- 

 able in gender and in number, but not in case. Thus we may 

 substitute decus or delicice for regina. Tho essential point, 

 then, in this construction is, that a noun as an attribute must 

 agree in case with its predicate, and a noun in apposition must 

 agree in case wUh the noun to which it is appended. 



Adulator, -oris, 3, a 

 ttcrar. 



Anglia, -ic, f., .Eng- 



. 



Athena:, 

 Athena. 



-arum, f., 



VOCABULARY. 



Bactra, -orurn, n. , 



Bactn'a. 

 Blandus, -a, -urn, soft, 



'''.! 

 Carthago, CarthagTnia, 



f., 3, Carthag*. 



Cithaoron, -Ouis, m., 3, 

 Mount Cithcenn. 



Cogo, cogere, coegi, 

 coactum, 3, I bring 

 toyeth er, compel, drive, 

 restrain, Iwd. 



..r.i.11.,.. .,, t. ;. 



CMMh, 



Cultor, -oris, m.. 

 MM trfco 



Domiciliuin, -I, n , an 



IncJU>, I. / urjc 0,1. 



Leonids*, -, (a Qimk 

 noon Let AMI), m., 



I>OlWII*l|SA. -I, ., 





179. LATW. 

 1. Athens* fusroat orbs. S. Booutlits foil 



oaput, siu suut sub moot* Parapjuniso. 4. ., 



Unorum. 5. Juffurtbaoosjeoat esMottaa. a*ii t peeM* 

 belli cultorem. 6. Begins sst r*"-~fp 7. Yotentata* 

 sunt doinins). g. Adulator** sttat pen 

 Viginti naves, dastis Romsnorum, real* ^it.-.. r JQ. 

 nostrl amores, venlet. 11. Corinthos, ktsMB tot 

 delete. 12. Mors omnium rerom est sitmsjiin. IS 

 Corinth us, opulentisslme urkes evsrafj sat. 14. 

 tissimos mortslium, non ferrum sed saram vlott. 1*. . 

 veritatis iuventrU, moruui quoqtte et itisrtnnasj msjlstni est. 



EXERCISE 180. EKOLIKH-LATIII. 

 1. Thebes, the capital (cajml) of Bootia. was (*r) 

 Mount Cithmron. 2. London is the capital of FrtfHiH, S. u-imum 

 is the mistress of England. 4. Frugality is the prodncwrof the other 

 virtues. 5. The Scythian*, very warlike men, live on flesh. 9. Of a3 

 men, the Scythians are the most warlike. 7. The Bone* people ts 

 the conqueror of all nations. 8. Borne was UM capital (kj*4| of 

 the world. 9. Athens was of old the abode of the arts, the aw** of 

 philosophy and eloquence. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS Hf LATIH. ILTL 



EXEKCIHE 177. LATIN-ENOLI 

 1. To do right is the interest of all. 2. It tha 

 lightning by night rather than by day- S- And now it began to t- - 

 light, and all things were under (their) eyes. 4. All thing* are be- 

 coming known. 5. It grew dark, and they knew not the road. 6. I 

 am weary of your talk. 7. When now it had crown dark. 8. O my 

 mother, I am sorry for tbee, I am grieved for myself. 9. It much 

 concerns a teacher that his scholars should apply to learning with UM 

 greatest zeal. 10. I am greatly concerned to see tbee. 11. How 

 suddenly, how swiftly, how terribly it thundered. 12. The corn is not 

 cut down before the frost came. 13. To live happily is every one's 

 interest. 14. We have it written in our archives that it is impious to 

 hold the national assembly while it thunders snd lighten*. 15. It 

 snowed arrows, balls, and stones. 16. It will rain to-day, I Oiplt 

 17. All that time during which it rains and snows. 



RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



GRASSES, REEDS, AND BUSHES 

 THE sugar-cane, although of various species, classed under the 

 head Kaccharum, is never found hollow, like the bamboo which we 

 described in our last paper ; the internodes or spaces between 

 the knots being filled with a crisp, fibrous, juicy substance, 

 which on pressure yields the sap from which the sugar of oossj 

 merce is manufactured. The discovery of the sugar-yielding 

 properties of this plant appears to be lost in antiquity. Ancient 

 authors of both Greece and Borne, who wrote before the Chrutiaa 

 era, mention sugar, and speak of it aa a substance obtained froa 

 a species of cane found in India and Arabia. We, however, hear 

 little of its being in general use in Europe until ita virtues and 

 character were brought to light on the return of the Crusader* 

 from the Holy Land; and there is little doubt that they, with 

 the Moors, were the first who pointed oat the advantages to be 

 derived from its introduction and cultivation in Europe. About 

 the year 1420, we find that the Portuguese brought ragar-canec 

 from Sicily to Madeira. In the early part of the fifteenth cen- 

 tury, it was taken from Spain to the Canaries. Once known and 

 understood, the sugar-bearing reed was at length taken to the 

 West Indies, America, and elsewhere. Brazil appear* to have 

 been at one time the principal sugar-producing country of the 

 world. Anderson, in his " History of Commerce," speak* of the 

 rnigar trade of 1627, and state* tha* at that period and some 

 time after it tho Portuguese furnished most parts of Europe 

 with Brazil sugar, and it was mainly from information gtaaaeJ 

 from the Brazilian cane-growers that the planters of Barbadoes 

 were enabled to perfect some of their processes. About the year 

 1650 they appear to have succeeded perfectly, and were fa 

 tate of unusual prosperity. 



