-SONS IK SPANISH. 



crew at tho right Now, M will *hortly b Men, when an 



I .iixHOH in thin way r-miM a tx.l.lmi, a piece of 

 i* attracted and drawn into the ooil, 

 :.i.- t 'd iii it, it is fur tlm timo converte-! 



magnet. The carrier of ti. :> in therefore made of 



Liid, u Boon aa the current IMUBON, it u attraotod and 



drawn a little way down, the balance weight being overcome 



attraction of tlio ooil, and thus tho pointe are separated 



i in-. 1 distance. 



It tho polos get too for apart, or from any cause the current 

 hi at once raises the pole, and re-lighta 

 tli.- lump, tho poles being separated as before by the ooil. 



It i- I'tmitd, however, with a lamp thus constructed that tho 



light ia far from steady, as no allowance is made for the wear of 



I'h.i uppi-r carbon, too, is fixed instead of moving 



- tho lower ono, iw in tho case in most other forms of 



..imp, and lii'uco this instrument is but little uaod. 



LESSONS IN SPANISH. VIII. 



W> would recommend to the learner to review carefully all tho 

 preceding lessons, especially tho last four; and then, after 

 having attentively studied the following rules, to translate the 

 ensuing exercise. 



In Spanish tho definite article ia to be used before all com- 

 mon nouns taken in a general sense, or which denote a whole 

 class or species of things ; as, la paciencia y la actividad re- 

 muoven montanas, patience and diligence remove mountains; 

 lo prohiben el uso del vino, they forbid him the use of wine; 

 jamas la soberbia ni la ira podriin acordarso con hi amabilidad y 

 la mansodumbre, never can pride or anger agree with amiability 

 and meekness ; todas las cosas tienen su tiompo, all things have 

 a son. Here patience, diligence, wine, pride, anger, amia- 

 bility, meekness, and things, are taken in an absolute or general 

 sense, and each requires the definite article in Spanish, though 

 not in English, to precede it. 



The definite article is not to be used in Spanish before nouns 

 not taken in a general or determinate sense, or which do not 

 refer to the whole class or species of things, or the whole of 

 any object; as, ella tiono azucar, she has sugar ; Juan bebe vino 

 al almuerzo, John drinks wine at breakfast. Here sugar and 

 H-O to be taken in a partitive sense, meaning some sugar, 

 some wine. 



VOCABULARY. 



Aiio, year. 



Beueficoncia.bejw/tccnce 

 Blanco, white. 

 Caridad, charity. 

 Caro, dear. 

 Dinero, money. 

 Dulco, sweet. 

 El depende, he depends. 

 Ella tome, she fears. 

 Error, error. 

 Frio, cold. 

 Gratitud, gratitude. 

 Huriua, flour. 

 Hermosura, beauty. 

 Historic, history. 



Ignorancia, ignorance. 



Juan liaco, John makes. 



Juicio, judgment. 



Justiciu, justice. 



Leche, t. t milfc. 



Moestra, mistress, in- 

 structress. 

 ! Mejor, better. 



Mortal, mortal. 

 : Muorte, f., death. 

 j Necesiirio, necessary. 



Odioso, odious. 

 i Oro, gold. 



Facieute, patient. 

 I Paz, peace. 



MODEL SENTENCES. 

 El hombre es polvo, man, is dust. 

 La hermosura es despojo del 



tieuipo, beauty is the spoil of time. 

 El baiubre es la mejor 



Jiun'jer is the best sauce. 



Pedro preflere, Peter 



prefers. 

 Plata, stiver. 

 Precioso, precious. 

 Religion, religion. 

 Biqueza, wealth, riches. 

 Sociedad, society. 

 Sueno, dream, sleep. 

 Terrible, terrible. 

 Tieuipo, time. 

 Util, useful. 

 Vicio, vice. 

 Vida, life. 

 Virtud, virtue. 

 Yelo, ice. 



1 alma de la muger es natural- 

 muute mas sensible quo la del 

 liouibre, the soul of woman is 

 naturally more sensitive than that 

 of man. 



EXERCISE 21. SPANISH-ENGLISH. 

 1. El tiempo es mas precioso que el oro. 2. La caridad e paciente. 

 3. La ignorancia es ;nadre del error. 4. La pruddncia es mat precioea 

 que la plata. 5. Mejor es la subidurm que la hermoaura. 6. El 

 hombre teine la muerte. 7. Los hombres sou mortales. 8. 1 oro es 

 precioso. 9. Juan tleno oro. 10. El dinero es util. 11. Pedro tien 

 diuoro. 12. Los libros eon utiles. 13. Este afio la barina t* mny 

 cara. 14. La manteca es may cam. 15. La cerveza es bueua. 16. 

 La muerte es terrible. 17. La leche es blauca. 18. Juan prefiere 

 el vicio & la virtud. 19. Maria no prefiere el error 6. la verdad. 20. 

 Pedro prefiere las riquezas & la sabidurta. 21. El medico preflere la 

 cerveza al vino. 22. La prud.'ncia y el juicio son necesarioe & todo 

 hombre. 23. La paz de la sociedad depende de (on) la justlcia. 24. 

 La plata es preciosa. 25. Este ario la liarina no es cara. 26. La 

 religion es amable. 27. El oro es mas procioso que la plata. 



'AJfll 



SS.BK.LUI 



1. Tim* to y teal one, f. Praoaae* to uaafaL S. Tie* to odtaaa. 

 4. Mooy to oaafol. ft. lee to eold. . ** to eweei. 7. Virta to 

 lovely. H. Water to aa food aa wtaa. 9. Lite to aot a draaai. 10. 

 WUdon to more praeiova tbaa all rubea. 11. Pinalosiins make* its 



. Man fears not life. U. She baa pra4*M*. U 

 found no book*. 15. Milk to white. U. Wlae to ry oaar tbto |er. 

 17. OnUtuda U the eoal of reUfton. In. Wiaee wtll he food <M* 

 IV. Fork* are aaefaL *J. Thi y-r 8ur u aot oaer. 11. UoU 

 to more preoioaa than aUvar. 22. lliatory to (tbe; iUmiMa* of Me. 

 83. This fentlamaa prafar* truth to error. K Prodaao* to 

 than money. 



THE VERB. 



Verb* are classed, aa in Engliah, into aettot, . 

 neuter ; reflective, regular, irreyuiar, imptno**l, and 

 They are alao varied by person and number, mood cad Unae. 



Verb* have throe persons and two numbers, u in BnglUh ; 

 that is, they vary their ending* to agree with the person and 

 number of their nominative ; a* 



Singular. PlmnL 



let Pen. To hablo, I epeofc. l*t Pers. Xoaotroa 



3rd Pen. EUo> 



3rd Per*. El habU, TM j>eaJb. 



In Spanish it is not necessary to QM the personal proaooM 

 of the nominative case with the rerb (unleM for the Mtlu of 

 emphasis or perspicuity), as the ending of the rerb indjcat.ee 

 the person of its nominative. Thus, hablo mean* / peoJk ; 

 habhvs, thou tpeakeat ; habla, he tpeokt or the tyeok* ; hablaaoo, 

 we speak, etc. 



MOODS. 



Mood is the form which tho verb take* to show ia what 

 manner the action or existence is represented. In Spanish 

 there are four moods ; the infinitive, the indicative, the wMpera- 

 tive, and the subjunctive. 



The infinitive mood expresses action or being in an in4dlnHr 

 manner, without reference to person or time ; aa 

 Hablar, to speofc. Corner, to eat. 



Tho_indicative mood represents the affirmation in a positive 

 manner; as 



Hablamos, toe speak. | Corner^, I tkatt Mi. 



The imperative mood expresses an order, entreaty, or com- 

 mand ; as 



Hablad, epeofc ye. | Coman, M tA*m eat. 



The subjunctive mood represents the affirmation in a condi- 

 tional manner ; as 



Aunque hableu, though they "">]/ }><** 

 TENSES. 



Tenae is the form which tho verb take* to show the time 

 of the action, being, or passion which is affirmed. There are 

 properly three tenses, the past, the pn$ent, and toe fuhin. 

 These are subdivided into eight tenses one for the preeeot. 

 five for the past, and two for tho future : the present, imperfect, 

 perfect definite, perfect indefinite, the first pluperfect, eeoond 

 pluperfect ; the first future, and future perfect or second future. 



The present tense represents whatever i* affirmed M taking 

 place at tho present time ; aa 



Hablan, they epeok. | EstAn comiendo. (fey . 



The imperfect teuso represents aa relatively present Ktme- 

 thing which is affirmed as past, though, for all we know to the 

 contrary, not yet completed ; aa 

 Hablabau cuando los rio, They were *peaH9 ** ft M (km. 



The perfect definite tense represents what ia affirmed a* being 

 completely past and finished ; as 

 Les hablo aycr, He epofce to th* yesbnby. 



Tho perfect indefinite tense represent* what is affirmed a* 

 bavin; taken place during a time not entirely elapeed ; aa 

 Ix* he hbUdo hoy, J *> !<** *^ *+4*i. 



The first pluperfect tense expresses what i* past and waa 

 finished before another action, atoo past, completed ; that i* 

 an event which occurred prior to some other past event ; a 



Habla bai Udo cuando llego, I fed po**" *M at arriwi 



