234 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



left in the right-hand upper corner for the title of the map and 

 a scale of miles. 



We have now taken our readers through the history of the 

 progress of geographical discovery from the earliest times to the 

 present day, and we have described, as fully as space would 

 allow, the political and physical features of each of the six great 

 divisions of the world in succession. The learner has also been 

 put into possession of the necessary knowledge for delineating 

 and mapping out any part of the earth's surface. Much more 

 might be said about every separate state or colony that exists in 

 each of the great divisions, but this has been rendered unneces- 

 sary by the introduction of our " Natural History of Com- 

 merce," in which will be found all that a learner really requires 

 about the soil, capabilities, and productions of every country of 

 importance, whether large or small, both in the Old World and 

 the New the animals that are found in it, the plants that 

 grow in it, its climate, and the influences that have rendered it 

 hot or cold, genial or bleak, a region rich in vegetation or a 

 barren wilderness. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LYIII. 



55. TABLE OP THE PRONOUNS. 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



Singular. Plural. 



3cf>, I. SBtr, we. 



u, thon. 3$t, ye. 



r, he. @ie, they. 



te, she. @ie, they. 



Qi, it. @ie, they. 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



SJlan, one, a certain one. 

 3emanb, some one, somebody. 

 Sftiemanb, no one, nobody. 

 Sebermann, every one, everybody. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Tnefet, this. 

 Scner, that. 

 Der, this or that. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



2Betc$cr, who, which. 



Dei, that. 



2Der, who, he or she, who or that. 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 



Singular. Plural. 



Qftetn, my. Itnfer, our. 



3)etn, thy. @uer, your. 



<3etn, his. 3fyr, their. 

 3f;r, her. 

 <Sem, its. 



REFLECTIVE AND RECIPROCAL 

 PRONOUNS. 



icty, himself, herself, itself, 



themselves, 

 member, one another. 



DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS. 



>er, that, that one, he. 

 Jierjenige, that, that person. 

 35erfel&e, the same, 

 el&iger, the same. 

 otcfyer, such. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 



2Bct ? who ? 2Ba ? what ? 

 SBelctyet? who? which? 

 SB as fur ? what sort of ? 



56. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



There are five personal pronouns ; namely, id) (I), which re- 

 presents the speaker, and is therefore of the first person ; bu 

 (thou), which represents the hearer, or person spoken to, and 

 ia therefore of the second person; and er (he), fie (she), eS (it), 

 representing the persons or things spoken of, and therefore of 

 the third person. They are declined thus : 



Singular. Plural. 



FIRST PERSON, ALL GENDERS. 



Nom. 3cJ>, I. 2Bir, we. 



Gen. dttciner, tnein, of me. Unfer, of UP. 



Dat. 2Wir, to me. UnS, to us. 



Ace. iHiicty, me. Un3, us. 



SECOND PERSON, ALL GENDERS. 



Nom. Su, thou. 3r, ye or you. 



Gen. Seiner or betn, of thee. (Sruer, of you. 



Dat. Sir, to thee. (Sucfy, to you. 



Ace. Sic$, thee. @uc$, you. 



THIRD PERSON, MASCULINE. 



Nom. @r, he. 



Gen. einer or fetn, of him. 



Dat. 3tym, to him. 



Ace. 3n, Jim. 



te, they. 

 Sfyrer, of them. 

 3I)nen, to them, 

 ie, them. 



IHIRD PERSON, FEMININE. 



Nom. te, she. @ie, they. 



Gen. Sfjret, of her. 3ljrer, of them. 



Dat. 36r, to her. Sljnen, to them. 



Ace. Sie, her. @ie, them. 



THIRD PERSON, NEUTER. 



Nom. ($S, it. @ie, they. 



Gen. einet, of it. Sfjrer, of them. 



Dat. 3f)m, to it. 3I)nen, to them 



Ace. @, it. ie, them. 



57. REMARKS ON THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The genitive mctn, betn, fein are the earlier forms. The 

 others (mctner, keiner, feiner) are the ones now commonly used. 



(2.) When construed with the prepositions tyatben, njecjen, and 

 urn mitten (signifying " for the sake of, on account of " ), these 

 genitives are united with the preposition by the euphonic letters 

 et, or (in case of unfet and euer) simply t. Thus : metnetwegen, on 

 account of me ; urn unfertroittcn, on account of us, etc. 



(3.) The personal pronouns of the third person, when they re- 

 present things without life, are seldom, if ever, used in the 

 dative, and never in the genitive. In such instances the corre- 

 sponding case of the demonstrative ber, bie, hi? is employed ; 

 thus, beffen (of this), instead of feinet ; and bcrcn (of these), instead 

 of iljrer. 



(4.) The word felfefl or fet&er (self, selves) may, also, for the 

 sake of greater clearness or emphasis, be added not only to the 

 pronouns, but even to nouns. Thus, Scty felbfi, I myself ; bie Scute 

 fel&ft, the people themselves. 



(5.) Here, too, observe that the personal pronouns have also, 

 in the plural, a reciprocal force. Thus : fte tiebcn ftcf), they love 

 one another. But as fie lie&en ficf>, for example, might signify 

 " they love themselves," the Germans also use the word ein- 

 (inter (one another), about which there can be no mistake ; as, 

 fie lie&eu eiiwnrer. [ 60 (3).] 



(6.) In polite conversation, the Germans use the third person 

 plural where we use the second. Thus, 3cf> fiafrc te gcfe^en, I 

 have seen you. To prevent misconception, the pronouns thus 

 used are written with a capital letter; as, tcty banfe 3f)ncn, I thank 

 (them) you. A similar sacrifice of grammar to (supposed) cour- 

 tesy may be found in our own language, for we constantly use 

 the plural for the singular ; thus, " How are you ? ' ' instead of 

 " How art thou ?" The Germans proceed just one step beyond 

 this, and besides taking the plural for the singular, take the 

 third person for the second. With them, our familiar salutation 

 " How do you do ? " would be, " How do they do ? " 



(7.) It must be observed, however, that the second person 

 singular, Su, is always, as in English, used in addressing the 

 Supreme Being. It is also the proper mode of address among 

 warm friends and near relatives. The second person plural is 

 employed by superiors to their inferiors. The third person 

 singular (er, ftc) was used in the same manner, that is, by masters 

 to servants, etc. 



(8.) The neuter pronoun (e3) of the third person singular, like 

 the words it and there in English, is often employed as a nomi- 

 native both before and after verbs, singular and plnral, as a 

 mer~ expletive ; that is, more for the purpose of aiding the 

 souud than the sense of the sentence. In this use, moreover, it 

 is construed with words of all genders. Thus, @3 iff ter 9ftann, 

 it is the man ; 63 tjl bie 5rau, it is the woman ; @ ftnb QJMnner, 

 they are men ; bonnert, it thunders ; @ fotcjten siete, there fol- 

 lowed many, etc. 



When e is thus used with a personal pronoun, the arrange- 

 ment of the words is precisely the reverse of the English ; as, 

 3dj> bin eS, it is I ; 2>u btft et, it is thou ; @ie ftnb c3, it is they, etc. 



58. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 



(1.) The possessive pronouns are derived, each respectively, 

 from the genitive case of the personal pronouns. 



Note that in declining imfer and' euer, the e before r is often 

 struck out ; thus, 



Unfrer (for unfcret) r unfre (for unfere), unfre (for unfercS), etc. 

 (Surer (for euerer), cure (for euere), eureS (for euereS), etc. 



(2.) By their forms, therefore, these pronouns indicate the 

 person and number of the nouns which they represent ; that is, 

 the person and number of the possessors. As, moreover, they 

 may be declined like adjectives, they also make known by their 

 terminations the gender, number, and case of the nouns with 

 which they stand connected ; for, in respect to inflection, a pos- 

 sessive pronoun agrees in gender, number, and case, not with 

 the possessor, but with the name of the thing possessed. 



(3.) The possessive pronouns, when conjunctive that is, when 

 joined with a noun are inflected after the old form of declen- 



