242 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



beneficial and noxious, have indigenous speciej to 

 represent them in the economy of Nature in America. 

 The lion of Asia and Africa is represented by the puma ; 

 and the jaguar is knovm as the American leopard. The 

 llama and alpaca, in like manner, take the place of the 

 camel, horse, and ass. Ostriches coursing with the 

 fleetness of the wind over the Arabian and African 

 deserts, are represented on the South American plains 

 by the rhea, and in Australia by the emeu. The Arctic 

 grebes, whose feathered skins are so much prized for 

 warm winter trimmings, are matched by the penguin of 

 the Antarctic. The fishes, reptiles, birds, mammals of 

 the East Indies, find representative species in the West 

 Indies. The gavial of the Ganges and the crocodile 

 of the Nile are genera allied with the alligator of the 

 Mississippi and the cayman of South America. Austra- 

 lian rivers have their analogous reptiles. 



A similar divergence in unity is observed in the 

 vegetation. The fades of Europe and America in the 

 same zone are different in the midst of strong resem- 

 blances. There is an impression of immensity in an 

 American, forest which a European one cannot convey. 

 There are oaks and beeches, and maples and wood-nuts, 

 but differing both in magnitude and species. So also is 

 it with the exuberant plains of India, and the selvas of the 

 Amazons, both rich in palms ; the sago and the areca, 

 against the coquilla and vegetable ivory; the banana, 

 against the plaintain ; and neither region second to the 

 other. Similarly, the three peninsulas of America, 

 Africa, and Australia, regarded as a prolongation of 

 Asia, have harsh leafless plants, as the gum-trees (Euca- 

 lyptus) and the spurges (Eupliorbiaceaz). Lastly, to 

 contrast antipodeal zones, New Zealand and England 

 possess, in common, not a plant identically the same, 

 yet the trees in the one country find their counterpart 

 species in those of the other. 



LESSONS' IN ITALIAN. XXVII. 



BEGULAR, VERBS. 



THE termination of the infinitive mood of all Italian verbs is 

 the syllable re. The vowel immediately preceding this syllable 

 is the characteristic letter of each Italian verb, predominant in 

 most of its tenses, and determining the conjugation to which it 

 belongs. This vowel is in the first conjugation a, as, a-md-re, 

 to love ; in the second conjugation e, as, te-m^-re, to fear, or 

 crd-de-re, to believe ; and in the third conjugation i, as, sen-U-re, 

 to feel. The second conjugation comprehends two classes of 

 verbs. The first of them is a comparatively small number, and 

 has the accent on the last syllable but one, or the penultima, 

 as, te-md-re, to fear ; sa-p^-re, to know ; ve-de'-re, to see ; vo-l^-re, 

 to be willing, etc. The second of them has the accent on the 

 last syllable but two, or the antepenult, while the penultima is 

 short (ere brd-ve), as, cre-de-re, to believe ; Ug-ge-re, to read ; 

 p&r-de-re, to lose ; v6n-de-re, to sell, etc. Some grammarians 

 have even adopted two conjugations ending in ere, and conse- 

 quently four conjugations of Italian verbs. Such a division, 

 however, appears uselessly to increase the number of conjuga- 

 tions, as the difference of the termination in ere only belongs to 

 the accent of the infinitive mood, while all the other tenses of 

 both classes of the verbs ending in ere are identical, and as 

 eren the irregularities of several verbs ending in ere are the 

 same, whether the e of their penultima is long or short. I have 

 on this account adhered to the generally adopted classification 

 of three conjugations of the Italian verbs. 



Before entering on the conjugations themselves I shall pre- 

 sent to the learner u synoptical table, showing the formation of 

 the principal terminations of all Italian verbs, and by a scientific 

 method imprinting them with greater efficiency on the memory. 

 rho syllables within a parenthesis are omitted in the formation 

 of the respective tenses. 



1st Conj. in ARE : 

 -4mARE, to love. 



SYNOPTICAL TABLE. 

 2nd Conj. in ERE : 

 TemEBE, to fear. 



3rd Conj. in IRE : 

 SentiRE, to feel. 



The Past Participle of the verba in are terminates in ato, of 



the verbs in ere in uto, and of the verbs in ire in itoi for 

 example 



AM (are) : amATO, Zoned. 

 TEM(ere) : temuio, feared. 

 SENT (ire) : sentrro, felt. 



The Present Gerund is formed by changing the termination 

 are into ando, and the terminations ere and ire into endo, as 



AM (are) : jlmANDO, Zowng. 

 TEM(ere) : TewiENDO, fearing. 

 SENT(ire) : SeutENDO, feeling. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



The Present Tense is formed by adding to the root of the 

 verb (obtained by omitting the syllables are, ere, and ire of the 

 infinitive mood) the following terminations : 



AM (are) \ A; A"| A") (I love, etc. 



TEM(ers) V o, i, ) IAMO, E V TE, o V. NO, J I fear, etc. 

 SENT(ire)J J Ei ij oj (I feel, etc. 



The Imperfect is formed by omitting the final syllable re of 

 the infinitive mood, and putting in its place the following termi- 

 nations : 



AMA(re) "V 1 1 loved, etc. 



TEME(re) > VA, vi, VAJ VA'MO, VA'TE, VANO, < I feared, etc. 



SENii(re)) (f felt, etc. 



The Indeterminate Preterite, with the exception of the third 

 person singular, is formed by omitting the syllable re of the 

 infinitive mood, and adding the corresponding terminations 

 below to the remainder of the verb. In verbs ending in are the 

 third person singular is formed by changing the final vowel a 

 of the remainder of the verb (after taking away re) into o with 

 the grave accent, thus o ; and in verbs ending in ere and ire by 

 merely putting the grave accent over the final vowels e and i of 

 the remainder of the verb, thus and i: 



AMA( 



TE 



SE 



i A (re) 1 arn-d; f I laved, ebo. 



ME(re) > i, STI, tern-*; MMO, STE, BONO, < I feared, etc. 

 NTi(re)J seut-t; \Ifelt, etc. 



The Future Tense is formed by putting in the place of the 

 final vowel e of the infinitive mood the terminations below, and, 

 in addition to this, by changing the vowel a of the penultima in 

 verbs ending in are into e; consequently amero, I shall love 

 (not amard), parlerd, I shall speak (not parlaro), from parlare ) 

 to speak, etc. : 



AMOR(B) ^ (I shall love, etc. 



TEMER(B) > 6, AI, A ; KMO, ETE, ANNO, -; I shall fear, etc. 



SENTln(e)) (I shall feel, etc. 



The Conditional Present is formed by adding to the infinitive 

 mood the following terminations, after having changed, as in 

 the preceding tense, the vowel a of the penultima into e in verbs 

 ending in are : 



AMP.RE \ 



TEMEBE V i, STI, BBE ; MMO, STE, BBERO, 



SENTIRE J 



The Imperative Mood is formed by adding to the root of the 

 verb the terminations below. The learner will observe that the 

 first and second persons plural of this mood are identical with 

 the first and second persons plural of the present tense in the 

 indicative mood. The third person plural of this mood is 

 formed by adding the syllable no to the third person singular 

 of the same mood : 



AM(OI-) ~\ A, i; A "I i 1 ( love thou, etc. 



TEM(ere) J \ . liMO, E > TE, A J> NO, < fear thou, etc. 



SENi(ire) ) )' A; ij AJ (_/eeZ thou, etc. 



SUBJUNCTIVE OR CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



The Present Tense is in the three persons singular of all rerbs 

 identical with the third person singular of the imperative mood. 

 The first and second persons plural of this tense have in all 

 verbs the invariable terminations iamo and iate. The third 

 person plural is formed by adding the syllable no to the third 

 person singular of this tense : 



AM (are) ") I, I, i; i 1 fl may love, etc. 



TEM(ere) V ) _ IAMO, IATE, A > NO, < I may fear, etc. 



SENT (ire) Jj A ' A ' A 5 A } ^j may f ee i t e tc. 



The Imperfect (being strictly speaking a subjunctive mood 

 only through commencing with the conjunction che, but express- 

 ing, when it commences with the particle se, if, a condition, the 

 result of which is stated by the conditional mood) is formed by 



