250 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. LXXII. 



73. THE CONJUNCTION. 



(1.) THE conjunction is an invariable word which serves to 

 connect words, clauses, and sentences. 



(2.) The conjunction is used for this purpose, especially 

 when the clauses it connects have different subjects ; a pre- 

 position being employed when such clauses have the same 

 subject : 



Je le dis afin que vous le sachiez. 

 II 1'a fait pour vous plaire. 



I say it that you may know it. 



He has done it in order to please you. 



(3.) Conjunctions consisting of one word, such as et, que, 

 car, etc., are called simple conjunctions; those consisting of 

 several words, as c'est-a-dire, pour que, afin que, etc., are 

 called compound conjunctions. 



(4.) French conjunctions are classed, as English ones, ac- 

 cording to the manner in which they affect the sentence, and 

 therefore this point needs not to be mentioned here. 



(5.) The principal conjunctions are : 



Afin de, in order to. 



Afin que, in order that. 



Ainsi, thus, so. 



A moins que, unless. 



An rest, besides. 



Aussi, also, as, too. 



Car, for, as. 



Cependant, yet, however. 



C'est-a-dire, that is to say, i.e. 



Comme, as, like. 



D'ailleurs, besides, moreover. 



De plus, moreover. 



De sort que, so that. 



Done, then. 



Et, and. 



Jusqu'a ce que, until. 



Lorsque, when. 



Mais, but. 



Ne"anmoins, yet, still, nevertheless. 



Ni, neither, nor. 



Or, now. 



Ou, or. 



Ou bien, or else. 



Parce que, because. 



Pendant que, whilst. 



Pourtant, yet, however. 



Pourvu que, providing that. 



Puisque, since. 



Quand, ~\ even, even if; 



Quand m6me, > though, even 



Quoique, ) though; although. 



Qne, that, in order that. 



Savoir, to wit, namely, viz., i.e. 



Si, if, whether. 



Sinon, if not. 



Sort, whether. 



74. THE INTERJECTION. 



(1.) An interjection ia a word which expresses some feeling 

 or wish. 



(2.) French interjections are somewhat similar to English 

 ones, and are used in the same manner ; and it should be men- 

 tioned here that a few French nouns and verbs are used as 

 interjections. 



(3.) The principal French interjections are the following : 



All! ah! 

 Bon ! well ! 

 Aie ! ay ! dear me / 

 He"las! alas! 

 He"! hey! ha! 

 Fi ! fie ! Pi done ! fie ! fie ! 

 Oh! ho! 

 Zest ! pshaw ! 

 Bah ! nonsense / 

 Chut! hush! 



Ca! oh <ja! Aliens! now! 

 then! come! 



Bravo ! brauo / hurrah / 

 Gare 1 beiuare / mind .' 

 Hola! hark! halloo! 

 St! hist! 

 6! 0! 



Tiens ! 7wld / loofc here / 

 Paix. ! silence / peace / 

 Courage ! c7ieer up .' 

 Tout beau ! gently .' 

 Morbleu ! Parbleu ! Corbleu I 

 zounds .' 



75. SYNTAX. 



(1.) Syntax treats of the agreement, government, and arrange- 

 ment of words in sentences. 



(2.) One word is said to agree with another, when it modi- 

 fies its ending according to the gender, number, and person of 

 the governing word. 



(3.) One word governs another, when by the influence of 

 the former the latter is made to assume a particular form or 

 place. 



(4.) The proper arrangement of words consists in placing 

 them in the order sanctioned by grammatical rules, deduced 

 from the most general custom. 



76. THE NOUN. PLACE OP NOUNS. 



(1.) In French, as well as in English, a noun used aa the 



subject or nominative of an affirmative or negative sentence, 



generally precedes the verb : 



L'nomme le plus obscur aime 

 la liberty. CHATEAUBRIAND. 



L'esperance tieut lieu des biens 

 qu'elle promet. LA CHAUSSEE. 



The most humble man loues 

 liberty. 



Hope takes the place of the benefits 

 which it promises. 



(2.) In poetry and in elevated prose, and generally in clauses 

 introduced by a relative pronoun, the subject is sometimes 

 placed after the verb : 



II n'est pomt de noblesse ou 

 manque la vertu. CREBILLON. 



La fortune est a craindre oil 

 manque la sagesse. 



BOUKSAULT. 



Le maisou qu'a achetee votre 

 pere est belle. 



Nothing noble can exist where 

 virtue is wanting. 



Where wisdom is wanting, fortune 

 is to be feared. 



, The house which your father has 

 bought is beautiful. 



(3.) In sentences in which the principal clause assumes the 

 form and place of a parenthetic clause, the subject of the prin- 

 cipal clause, in French, must follow the verb : 



Heureur, disait Mentor, le Happy, said Mentor, the people 

 peuple qui est conduit par un who are governed by a wise Jang, 

 roi sage. FENELON. 



NOTE. The student will notice that if the sentence were 

 introduced by its principal clause the subject of the latter 

 could not be inverted, and the sentence would run thus : 



Mentor disait : heureux le peuple qui est conduit par un roi sage. 



(4.) In interrogative sentences, when the subject is a noun, 

 a possessive, a demonstrative, or an indefinite pronoun (ce and 

 on excepted), it must be placed before the verb, which must be 

 immediately followed by a pronoun corresponding in gender, 

 number, and person, with the subject : 



La mort est-elle un mal ? La 

 vie est-elle un bien ? CK^BILLON. 

 Cela est-il pour votre frere ? 



Celle-ci est-elle a vous ? 



Mon pere est parti hier; le 

 Votre est-il parti avec lui ? 



Is deat7i an euil f Is life a bene- 

 fit? 



Is that for your brother 1 



Is this one yours ? 



My father started yesterday ; did 

 yours go with him ? 



(5.) When the sentence commences with one of the following 

 words, ou, where; que, what; combien, how much; quand, 

 when; the noun may be placed immediately after the verb, or 

 in accordance with the rule above : 



Ou est votre pere ? or ) 



Ou votre p6re est-il ? 

 Mais que sert un long 1 regne, 

 a moins qu'il ne soit beau P 



BOUKSAULT. 



Where is your father 1 



Of what use is a long reign, unless 

 it be glorious. 



(6.) The noun, used as direct object, has the same place in 

 the sentence in French as in English : 



La force fonde, dtend et main- I Power founds, extends, and main- 

 tient un empire. SAUKIN. | tains an empire. 



(7.) When there are, in the same sentence, two nouns, one 

 used as direct, the other as indirect object, and those nouns, 

 with the words qualifying or modifying them, are of equal 

 length, the direct object should precede the indirect * : 



Le malheur ajoute UH nouveau 

 lustre a la gioire des grands 



homines. FENELON. 



Avez-vous donn les livres a 

 mon frere ? GIKAULT DUVIVIER. 



Mw/brtuTies add a neto lustre to 

 the glory of great men. 



Have you given the books to my 

 brother ? 



(8.) When, however, the qualifying or explanatory words 

 render the direct object longer than the indirect, the indirect 

 object is placed first : 



Avez-vous donne 1 a mon frere 

 les livres que vous lui aviez 

 promis ? 



Les hypocrites parent des de- 

 hors de la vertu les vices les plus 

 honteux. NOEL. 



Have you given my brother the 

 books which you had promised him 1 



Hypocrites adorn vrith the appear- 

 ance of virtue, the most shameful 

 vices. 



* This must also be the case when the direct is shorter than the in- 



direct object. 



