ITALIAN*. 





LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XXVIII. 



UBS (<xmtttMd). 



WE now prooood to give some necessary remark* on the mood* 

 three conjugations of regular verb* of which a com 

 .vo table waa given in our lait lesson. 



I. REMARKS OK TUB INDEVINIT* MOOD. 

 1. Tho third conjugation comprehend*, strictly poakinfr, threo 

 classes, of which only tho first coincides in all the detail* with 



:ni'<l lator. 



... pn-si'iit is formed by adding to tho third 



person singular of tho present tonso tho termination nte, as 



Anm, Ii lotwi : Anmut*. 

 Touie, >M/Mri ; Tome; 

 Scute, ?w fecU : Sntute. 



It is more used in poetry than in prose, whore, in most cases, 



; mi'l is a more efficient substitute. Many verbs have 



not even any present participle, because it is never used, and 



ieiitly partakes more of tho nature of an 



adjective than of that of a verb ; as 



i -no no-guen-te, the foUovting 

 [water; 



L' A-cqua bol-len-te, the boiling 

 Un ca-vu-lio-re er-riiu-te, a knight- 



rranl ; 



Du-niu-to la gucr-ra, during tin 



war; 

 Vi-vin-te ml-o pi-dre, in the lift. 



time of my father / 



and some other phrases, the number of which is very limited. 

 Tho present participle, like all adjectives ending in e, is of both 

 genders, and in the plural ends in t, as 



Singular. 



Un oc-chio lau-gucn-te, a dull eye. 

 (J-na vo-ce lan-gutin-te, a faint voice. 



Plural. 



Gli 6c-chi lau-gucn-ti. 

 Le vii-ci lan-guen-tL 



3. Several verbs of the third conjugation form tho present 

 participle with tho termination iente, while not a few of them 

 have no present participle at all, and many only the regular 

 termination ciitc. Good writers will be the boat guide. 



4. To and so are the two terminations of past participles. 

 A regular past participle can only end in to, while the termina- 

 tion so is always irregular. 



5. With tho exception of fa-re, to do, which doubles the t in 

 fat- to, done, all the verbs of the first conjugation, regular and 

 irregular, have the termination ato in the past participle. 



Several past participles of the verbs in are are contracted 

 by taking away at before tho last vowel o. 



G. Gerunds are liable to no irregularities, and are indeclinable. 

 See remark on the gerund of essere. 



II. REMARKS ox THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 



1. The first person singular of the present tense in all verbs 

 ends in o, which is obtained in a regular way by taking away 

 re from the infinitive, and changing the vowel of tho penultima 

 into o. Every other derivation of this person is irregular. 



2. The first person plural of the present tense is in all conju- 

 gations alike, and is obtained by adding amo to tho second 

 person singular. The only exceptions are the following irregular 

 3rst persons plural : db-bid-mo, we have (from a-ve'-re) ; fac- 

 cid-mo, we do (from fd-re) ; sap-pid-mo, we know (from so-pd-re) ; 

 did-mo, we give (from da-re) ; stid-mo, we stand (from std-re) ; 

 and sid-mo, we are (from ds-se-re). They are derived by adding 

 mo to the first persons singular of the subjunctive mood, which 

 are db-bia, fdc-cia, sdp-pia, dt-a, stf-a, and si'-a. 



3. The second person plural is always formed by substi- 

 tuting tho letter t for r of the final syllable re of the infinitive. 

 Only contracted verbs like con-dur-re (from con-du-ce-re), to 

 conduct ; pur-re (from p6-ne-re), to put ; scior-re (from scuJ- 

 glic-rc), to loose ; tor-re (from to-glie-re), to take away, etc., 

 arc an apparent exception to this rule, for they form the second 

 persons plural of this tense, con-du-ce"-ie, po-nd-te, sdo-glid-te, 



V, etc., from their original and not from their contracted 

 infinitives. 



4. The third person plural always ends in no, with a 

 preceding it in the first conjugation, and o in the second and 

 third. ^Imono for amano is therefore erroneous. The third 

 persons plural, /win-no, they have ; dan-no, they give ; fan-no, 

 they do ; sdn-no, they know ; stdn-no, they stand ; and van-no, 

 they go, are tho only exceptions, as they ore derived by changing 

 in the monosyllables M, I have ; do, I give ; f6, 1 do ; *6, 1 know ; 



ttf, I sUnd ; and t.-' (for <Wo), I go, the -rowel o into a, and 

 doubling the letter n of no. 



5. See remark on the imperfect teaae of owre; 



6. In the second conjugation poet* formerly tued 



to change the contracted form of the fir.t and third 



singular ending in ea into ia, tar the aske of rhyme, and to aa* 



I or he had; ao-If-a, I or he wa* aoeuatomed (from 



; ere.d<-a, I or be bettered (from rr/.J*-rc), eto^ in the 



place of a-vt-a, io-L'-a, tre-M-a. etc. They alao need to cbai 



the third penon ending in m into V with the accent on < 



laat syllable : for example, o-vif *o-ltf, err-dU. ete-, for 



particularly in compound* with the mflx M. 

 These poetical licence* are out of o*e with modern writer*. 



7. The throe penon* plural of all conjugations are formed by 

 adding mo, te, and no to the third penon aingakr of thin tana* 

 THio first and second penon* everywhere have the accent on the 

 pcuultima, and tho third on the antepenult. In Tueeany, how. 

 over, many say, a-m/i-ru-mo, foW-ra<tto, fc-n-tt-ra-mo. a-tv 

 va-mo, that is, they pat the accent of the fint penon on the 

 antepennlt, which in good convenation mart be avoided. 



8. In tho second and third conjugation the letter v may be 

 omitted in tho third person plural a* well a* in the aingnlar. 

 iui'1 I. -md-a-no, crc-d-'-a-no, ten-ti-a-no, dor-m<-a-nt,, may be naed 

 for te-nuf-va-no, cre-d&va-no, icn-U-va-no, dor-mf-va-no, etc. On 

 the other hand, in the fint conjugation it i* not allowable to 

 omit the letter v in the plural any more than in the singular, 

 for reason* already stated. 



9. It is evident that the termination* t, tti, mmo, tie, and 

 rono, in this tense, are common to all conjugations, while their 

 difference only consist* in the characteristic letter preceding 

 those terminations, viz., a in tho first, e in the second, and in 

 tho third conjugation. With regard to the third penon am. 

 gular in this tense, it may bo remarked that in the fint oonjn 

 gation the fint penon of tho present tense, in the second the 

 third penon, and in tho third the second penon of the aame 

 tense, are identical with it, with the exception of the i-flftrai, 

 which Li the indeterminate preterite always fall* oa it* hat 

 syllable, as 



Amo, I lot*. A 



Te-me, he f tart. To- me, 



Son-ti, thouftelett, Seu 



10. In the first conjugation this tense i* irregular only in the 

 three verbs da/re, fare, and stare. 



11. Several, not all, verbs of the second conjugation have a 

 double termination of this tense in ci and etti in the fint and 

 third person singular, and in tho third penon plural, while the 

 other persons have but one form. Use is the only van guide 

 to show which verbs in ere have this doable form. A Hat of 

 them will be presented later. 



12. Amassimo for amammo, temeuimo or ttmettimo for <> 

 memmo, scntissimo for sentimmo, must never be imitated ; not 

 amorono for amarono. A-md-ro for amarono, te-mt-ro for tea* 

 rono, and sen-t(-ro for sentirono, arc forms of much more fre- 

 quent use in poetry than in prose. 



15. The future tense (along with the conditional inoaant, 

 which, by changing o into '-t, may be derived from it, and i* n 

 some respects its subjunctive mood) offers but few irregohuitiea, 

 The irregular verbs dare, to give ; fare, to do ; ttare, to aland ; 

 and dire, to say, form it in the regular way pointed oat is 

 the synoptical table, thus : dard, far<\ *ford, and <!-<). Othet 

 irregular verbs merely throw away the final Towel of then 

 penultima. They are, an-dd-re, to go; o-rf-re, to have; do-mf-n, 

 to be obliged; po-tt'-re, to be able; o-pe'-re, to know, and 

 ve-d4-re, 'to see ; with the futon and conditional prevent a* 

 follows : on-drd, an-dr^-i (for a-d-n), an-dt-rt-i) ; o-rrC, ar*W; 

 do-vr6, do-vrt-i; po-trd, po-M-i; ta-pro, ta-prt-%; ve-drd, cw-eW*. 

 The irregular verbs rt-wio-n^-rc, to remain ; do-ls-rr, to feel 

 pain ; jo-rf-r, to appear ; <-V-re, to hold ; vo-W-r, to be 

 worth ; and vo-lc'-re, to be willing, form these tenses by eon. 

 traction, thus: ri-mar-rd, ri-mar-r4-i ; dor-rd, dor-r^-i; par-rd, 



-r^-; ter-rd, tcr-rt-i; ar-rd, var-ri-; ror-rd, vor-ri-i. Only 

 three verbs of the third conjugation v-f-rr, to come} wo-ri-m, 

 to die ; and a-It-r0, to mount form these teneee witU the aame 

 ort of contraction, thus ? wr-rO, tw-rtf-i; mor-rO, mwr-r-'-i .- and 

 _ '-rd, sar-ri-i (only oaed in poetry for <o-Ji-n>, a-h-r/-i). The 

 preceding contractions are formed by omitting the final Towel 

 of the penultima, and changing the consonant preceding the 

 vowel into r, as, voZ'rd, changed into rorrv (from roirr*). 



