276 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



dofro into dorrd (from dolere), ven'ro into verrd (from venire). 

 irregular verbs, the infinitive mood of which is contracted, 

 derive their future tense and present conditional either exclu- 

 sively from the contracted, or from the contracted as well as 

 from the original form of their infinitive. 



These are, I believe, the principal irregularities to which, in 

 their future tenses and present conditionals, all the Italian verbs 

 are liable. I consider such generalising explanations as useful, 

 and a frequent reference to them will enable even a short 

 memory to retain the numerous varieties of the Italian verbs. 



14. See remarks on the conditional present of essere. 



15. The difference between the first person of the plural of 

 the conditional present and the same person of the future is a 

 double m. The forms atnaressimo or amcrissimo for ameremmo, 

 and sentiressimo for sentiremmo, are erroneous. 



16. The second person plural of the conditional present 

 changes the syllable rete of the future into reste. 



17. The third person plural of the conditional present adds 

 ro to the termination ebbe of the singular. The termination 

 ebbono is milder than ebbero. The termination iano is formed 

 by adding no to the termination ia of the singular, and is 

 especially in use in poetry and in grave or solemn prose. 

 Instead of iano, especially in poetry, also the termination ie-no 

 or ien is in use (by changing a, of the penultima into e, and 

 transferring the accent from i to e), as, a-ma-riS-no, te-me-rie-no, 

 sen-ti-riS-no, for ameriano, temeriano, and sentiriano. 



III. REMARKS ON THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



1. See remarks on the imperative mood of essere. In the first 

 conjugation the second person singular of this mood is identical 

 with the third person singular of the present tense, indicative 

 mood, and in the othor conjugations with the second person 

 singular of the same tense, thus : 



Ama, ho loves. 

 Temi, thou fearest. 

 Senti, tlioufeelest. 



Ama, love thou. 

 Temi, fear thou. 

 Seuti, feel thou. 



PASSIVE VERBS. 



The Italian language, like the English, has no special termina- 

 tions to express the passive voice, which is formed, as in Eng- 

 lish, by means of the auxiliary verb essere, to be. It is on this 

 account sufficient to know this verb and the past participle of 

 the principal verb, since the combination of these two through 

 all tenses forms the passive voice, as, amo, I love ; sono amato, 

 I am loved ; temo, I fear ; sono temuto, I am feared ; and thus 

 through all the tenses of essere. The verb ve-n-t-re, to come, 

 may also be used instead of essere, with a passive verb, but only 

 in its simple, and never in its compound tenses, as, vSn-go 

 a-md-to, I am loved, instead of sono amato ; but it is not allow- 

 able to say so-no ve-wh-to a-md-to, instead of sono stato amato, 

 I have been loved, etc. In addition to venire, occasionally 

 the verbs re-sta-re (to remain, be left), ri-ma-ne-re (to remain), 

 an-dd-re (to go), and std-re (to stand), may be employed as 

 auxiliaries to conjugate the simple tenses of the passive voice. 

 They express, like venire, the continuance of some act or state 

 of a person or thing with greater energy and elegance than 

 essere. For this very reason they must be used sparingly. That 

 the use of essere and venire is not arbitrary essere denoting 

 that some act has been accomplished, while venire generally 

 expresses that some act has commenced without being com- 

 pleted may bo seen in these two phrases : il qud-dro e di-pm-to, 

 the picture is painted, and il qud-dro vi@-ne di-pCn-to, the picture 

 is being painted. Other phrases illustrating the use of these 

 verbs in the passive voice, are 



Vien lo-da-to da tiit-ti, he is praised by all. 



Ven-ne ac-cu-sa-ta, she was accused. 



Ver-ran-no bia-si-ma-te, they will be blamed. 



Qu^-sta vo-ce va po-sta pri-ma, this word is (i.e., must be) put first. 



2-gli sta se-du-to, he is seated (i.e., he sits). 



The past participle, forming with the tenses and moods of 

 essere the passive voice, must be considered as a real adjective 

 agreeing with the passive subject or nominative in gender 

 and number. This rule is invariable, even when the verbs 

 andare, restare, rimanere, stare, and venire are used in the 

 pJace of essere -. for example : 



Noi (uo-mi-ni) sia-mo sta-ti in-gan-na-ti, we (men) have been deceived. 

 Noi (don-ne) sia-mo sta-te in-gan-na-te, we (women) have been deceived. 



Ta-li co-se non van-no fat-te co-si, such things are not done in this 

 way. 



Tut-ti ri-ma-se-ro ma-ra-vi-glia-ti, all were astonished. 



There is a peculiar way of expressing the passive voice by 

 means of the pronoun si, the use of which will be explained in 

 the additional observations on the regular verbs. 



To change active verbs into passive the case-sign da or the 

 preposition per must be put before the subjects of the active 

 voice on which some act depends, or which are its authors or 

 causes : for example, the following sentences 



Sci-pio-ne di-strus-se Car-ta-gi-ne, Scipio destroyed Carthage; 

 An-ni-ba-le scon-fis-se piu vol-te i Ro-nia-ni, Hannibal several times 

 defeated the Romans; 



In-tro-dur-re al-cu-no, to introduce somebody, 



when changed into the passive will run as follows : 



Car-ta-gi-ne fu di-strut-ta da Sei-piJ-ne, Carthage was destroyed by 

 Scipio. 



I Ro-ma-ni fii-ron piu vol-te scon-fit-ti da An-ni-ba-le, the Romans 

 were several times defeated by Hannibal. 



Es-se-re in-tro-dot-to da al-cu-no, or per al-cu-no, to be introduced by 

 somebody. 



The following paradigm of the conjugation of the passive verb 

 essere amato, to be loved, may serve as a model for the conju- 

 gation of passive verbs. 



I. INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Present. 

 Essere amato, to be loved. 



Perfect. 

 Essere stato amato, to have been loved. 



Present Gerund. 



Essendo (io) amato, being loved (i.e., because, etc., I, etc., am loved). 

 Essendo (noi) amati, being loved (i.e., because, etc., we, etc., are loved). 



Past Gerund. 

 Essendo (io) stato amato, having been loved (i.e., because, etc., I havt 



been loved. 



Essendo (noi) stati amati, having bean loved (i.e., because, etc., we, etc., 

 have been loved. 



Past Participle. 1 



Stato amato, having been loved. 



Sing 



Piu. 



Sing, 



Flu. 



Sing 



Piu. 



Sing. 

 Flu. 



II. INDICATIVE 

 Present. 

 Sono or vcngo am-ato, I am 



lowed. 



Sei or vieni am-ato. 

 or vieni am-ato. 

 Siamo or veniamo am-ati. 

 Siete or venite am-ati. 

 Sono or vengouo am-ati. 



Impei/ect. 

 Era or veniva am-ato, I was 



loved. 



Eri or veuivi am-ato. 

 Era or veniva am-ato. 

 Eravamo or venivuuio am-ati. 

 Eravate or venivate am-ati. 

 Erano or venivano arn-ati. 



Indeterminate Preterite. 

 Fui or venni am-ato, I was 



loved. 



Fosti or venisti am-ato. 

 Fu or venne am-ato. 

 Fnmmo or venimmo am-ati. 

 Foste or venisti am-ati. 

 Furono or vennero am-ati. 



Determinate Preterite. 

 Sono stato am-ato, etc., I 



have been loved. | Sing 



Siamo stati am ati, etc. 



Sing. 



Sing. 



Sing. 



Piu. 



Sing 



Sing 



Piu. 



MOOD. 



Indeterminate Pluperfect. 

 Era stato am-ato, etc., I had, 

 been loved. 



Determinate Pluperfect. 

 Fui stato am-ato, etc., I liad 



been loved. 



Future. 

 Saro or verrb am-ato, I s7iall 



be loved. 



Sarai or verrai am-ato. 

 Sara or verra am-ato. 

 Saremo or verremo am-ati. 

 Sarete or verrebe am-ati. 

 Saranuo or verranno am-ati. 



Future Perfect. 



Saro stato am-ato, etc., I s7iall 

 have been loved. 



Conditional Present. 

 Sarei or verrei am-ato, I shall 



be loved. 



Saresti or verresti am-ato. 

 Sarebbe or verrebbe am-ato. 

 Saremtno or verre'mmo am-ati. 

 Sareste or verreste am-ati. 

 Sarebbero orverrebberoam-ati 



Conditional Past. 

 Sarei stato am-ato, etc., I 

 s/iould have been loved. 



III. IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Plu. Siamo am-ati. 



Sing. Sii or sia am-ato, be thou loved. 

 Sia am-ato. 



Siate am-ati. 



Siano or sieno am-ati. 



