286 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



ofyn, he painted his cousin and his son ; literally, and the son 

 of this one, i.e., the cousin's son. 



(6.) The pronouns, both demonstrative and determinative, 

 are frequently made more intensive by the particle e6en, even, 

 very : t&en btcfc S3lume, this very flower ; c6cn baS .Ktnb. that same 

 child ; ckn berfelbc, the very same. 



63. DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The pronouns of this class are commonly set down 

 among the demonstratives. Their distinctive feature, however, 

 is that of being used where an antecedent is to be limited by a 

 relative clause succeeding, and so rendered more or less promi- 

 nent or emphatic ; thus, ber, nxldjer Hug fycmbclt, scrbicnt Sofc, he 

 (that man) who acts wisely, deserves praise. From this use 

 they derive the name determinative. They are 



S>cr, that ; that one ; he. 



JDerjemgc, that ; that person (strongly determinative). 



DcrfctOe, the same (denoting identity). 



etfriger, the same (seldom used). 



oldfer, such (marking similarity of kind or nature). 



(2.) 35er, when used in connection with a noun, is declined 

 like the demonstrative ber that is, like the definite article ; 

 when used absolutely, it differs from the demonstrative bcr only 

 in the genitive plural; taking bcrer instead of bcrcu. 



(3.) SDeqentge and bevfelfce are compounded of bcr and the parts 

 jenige and felbe respectively. In declining, both parts of each 

 must be inflected ; ber, like the article, and jcnige and fetfce after 

 the New Form of adjectives ; thus 



MASC. 



Nom. JDerjemgc, 

 Gen. e3icnigcn, 

 Dat. SJemjcntgen, 

 Ace. ^enjcnigcn, 



Singular. 



FEM. 



btejenige, 

 berjentgen, 

 berienigen, 

 biqenige, 



NEUT. 

 tafymige. 

 bcSjcmgcn. 

 bemjcnigcn. 

 baSienige. 



Plural, 



FOB ALL GENDERS. 



SDicjcmgcn. 



5)cnj[enigcn. 

 Stcjcnigcn. 



(4.) @et6tgcr, fcfttgc, fcIbigeS, and fofdjcr, fefdje, foldjcS, are de- 

 clined after the Old Form of adjectives ; the latter, however, 

 when the indefinite article (cut, cine, ein) precedes, takes the 

 Mixed form. 



When em comes after fotctycr, the latter is not inflected at all ; 

 as, fold; cin 93Ianu, such a man. 



Nearly synonymous with fekfyer are the words bcSgleicfjcn, ber 

 gletrf;cn, fctneSglcid;cn, i(;rc?gkid;en, all which are indeclinable; as, id; 

 fyabe feineit limgang mit bergtctd;cn Scutcn, I have no intercourse with 

 such people. 



64. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The proper office of a relative pronoun is to represent an 

 antecedent word or phrase ; but, while so doing, it serves also 

 to connect the different clauses of a sentence. The relatives 

 in German are these : 



9Betd;er, who or which. 

 2>cr, that, who, which. 



12Bcr, who, he who, she who, or 

 @o, which. [that. 



The latter word is nearly obsolete ; it is indeclinable, being 

 an adverb used as a relative. 



(2.) SOBelcfyer, who or which, is declined like btcfcr (see 61. 2). 



(3.) >er, that, is declined as in 61. 4. 



(4.) 2Ber, who, lie ivho, she who, or that, is declined thus : 



Singular. 



MASC. AND FEM. 



Nom. 2Bcr, 



Gen. SBcffen (or hxjj), 



Dat. SBem, 



Ace. 2Ben, 



toefi. 



28er has no plural, but, like e8, is sometimes used before 

 plural verbs; as, 2Ber ftnb btefe Scute? who are these people? 

 The dative singular neuter is wanting, but is supplied by an 

 adverbial compound; as, nwjii (roo + ju), whereto, or to which; 

 hjotnit, where-with, with what; tooson, whereof, ofivhat, etc. 



65. OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIVES. 



(1.) Of the pronouns declined above, meld; er, toctcfje, tocld;e 

 is the only one that can be used in conjunction with a noun, 

 after the manner of an adjective; thus, ledger SJZann, which man 

 (not ft'cr Sftnnn) ; and, except when so joined with a noun, the 

 genitive (both singular and plural) of h>ctd;er is never used, but, 



in place of it, the corresponding parts of bcr ; that is, itfjen, 

 bcrcn, beffcn, for the singular, and bcrcn for the plural ; as, bet 

 SNcinn, effcn (not h>e(d;eg) Srcunb tcf; bin, the man, whose friend I 

 am ; btc JBdume, bercn (not n>e(cf>er) sBlutfyen a&gcfaUen fmb, the trees 

 whose blossoms have fallen off. 



(2.) JDcr, bie. ba8, as a relative, like the English word that, is 

 used as a sort of substitute for the regular relative. Thus its 

 genitive is employed in place of that of tt>eld;er, because the 

 genitive of the latter (n>eld;e3, nxJd;er, iuctd;cS) being the same in 

 form as the nominative masculine and neuter, might occasion 

 mistake. So after the pronouns of the first and second person 

 (and of the third, when used for the second) vuc(d;cv is never em- 

 ployed, but bcr, thus : 



3d;, ber id; tfyn foil), I, who saw him. 



!>u, bcr bit itn fcgncfl, thou, who blessest us. 



28tr, btc to it fytcr tterfammctt ftnb, we, who are here assembled. 



3fcr, bte U;r cucr Satcrtanb (icbt, ye, who love your country. 



@te, bie @te mir kiftimmtcn, ye, who agreed with me. 



In each ease here, the personal pronoun is repeated after the 

 relative. In translating, of course, the pronoun repeated is to 

 be omitted ; or the order of the words being reversed (id; ber, 

 instead of bcr id)), the rendering may be /, who saw, etc. It 

 must be added, that when the pronoun is not repeated, the 

 verb will be ir the third person, and in agreement with the rela- 

 tive ; as, bu toarji e, bcr c3 mir fagtc, thou wast the one that told 

 me so. 



(3.) SfBcr, toaS, is an indefinite relative, employed wherever 

 any uncertainty exists about the antecedent ; thus, fonncn <Ste 

 mir fagcn, wer btcfcS gctfyan I;at ? can you tell me luho has done 

 this ? 3d; iuctp nid;t, vuaS cr fagtc, I do not know what he said. 



(4.) Often, Wet, toa8 has at once the force of both a relative 

 and an antecedent ; as, nxr attf bem SBcgc bcr Sugcnb wanbdt, tft 

 gtucflid), he that walks in the path of virtue, is happy; ttwS gevfd;t 

 ift, scrbtent 8o&, what, or that which is right, deserves praise. 



(5.) 28 cr always begins a clause or sentence, and never comes 

 after the word which it represents ; to a 8 may or may not begin 

 a clause, and may or may not come after its proper antecedent; 

 thus, lucr nid;t fyoren trifl, bcr map fiitylcn, he who will not hear, must 

 feel ; id; fage, ttaS id; ivctji, I say what I know ; aflcS, tunS id; g:fel;cn 

 I;ate, all that I have seen ; UM gcrcd;t ift, cerbtcnt So&, what is 

 right, deserves praise. 



The form n>cp occurs in the compounds njcfhuegen, ttjejjf;att\ on 

 which, or what account. 



(6.) 2Betd;cr, -c, -e, is often employed as an indefinite adjective 

 pronoun (see 35. 1). 



66 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The interrogative pronouns that is, those used in asking 

 questions are the following : 



Sffier ? was ? who ? what ? 



2Bc(d;ci - ? who ? which ? 



2Ba$ fur ein ? what sort of a ? 



(2.) They are the same in form as the relatives or rather 

 the relatives themselves, employed in a different way. 2Scr, \\iaS, 

 and iuc(d;cr, iuclcfyc, VuefcfycS, are declined just as when they are 

 relatives, except that the pronoun ivcld;eg, -e, -e3, when interroga- 

 tive, never adopts the genitive of bcr. 



(3.) 2Bcr and nxi (who ? what ?) can never be joined with a 

 noun. They are used when the question is put in a manner 

 general and indefinite. 2Bcld;er, toc(d;c, metd;cS, on the other hand, 

 have a more definite reference, and may be employed adjeo 

 tively ; thus, h>etd;er 2)ian-n ? which man ? etc. 



(4.) 2Ba3 fur ein (literally, wliat for a?) is a form used in 

 inquiring as to the kind, quality, or species of a thing ; as, n>a8 

 fur cin 3)Jann? what sort of a man ? 3.iS fur ciue Srau? what sort 

 of a woman ? roaS fur cin .ftinb ? what kind of a child ? 



(5, 6, 7.) The only part of n>a fur cin capable of inflection is 

 etn; which, when the thing referred to in the question is 

 expressed, takes the form of the indefinite article ; when it is 

 left understood, ein is inflected like an adjective of the Old Form. 

 The plural, in both cases, omits the article, and stands simply 

 thu.a, ja8 fur. 



67. OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERROGATIVES. 



(1.) Observe further, that etn, in toaS fur etn, is sometimes 

 omitted in the singular, especially before words denoting mate- 



