S IN LATIN. 



Cocoa, in addition to tho i.t'-r principle! common to it am 

 tea and ooffeo, c , called ooooa 



butter, HI. 'I is . . :.t!y much more nutritious thu: 



<.;,'<> quantity df fit it rother an 

 ith weak stomachs, and to obviate thin 



many excel l- H of ooooa arc now made, in which 



certain proportion of tho fatty matter in removed. 



Tiie u-o . ! :':!!!.: -,l lii|uora in some sliapo is even more 



: road than that <>f !'. previous class 



untry may bo d. . o heads 



liquors, wine*, ami ardent opiri! -I ckua con- 



.Jit of nutriment, wines tho next, ant 



npirit.s hardly a trace. Hut thoir value as ui ' 



on tho amount of nutriment tlioy contai: 

 all act as stimulants to the nervous system, and increase the 

 respiratory changes, but thoir action varies acco: 



f alcohol taken. Boer and ale act on tho respiratory 



IIH in DOOM [Ui not of their saccharine and nitrogenous 



elements ; wine, cidor, and perry have similar actions ; brandy 



-ion the respiratory function ; whisky is un. 



and ruin, like ale, in a true restorative, and ^U-UUIIH tho vital 



Thoir mode of action and their ultimate destination 



is ntill a matter of dispute. Lie-big thinks they arc burnt or 



ly, and thus goto produce heat. Dr. K. .Smith 



icrs believe that they are simply nerve-exciters, and pass 



. >ut of the system. Dr. Thudicum holds that they 



are oxidised in tho body, and are a true food. 



Tho only other elements to bo mentioned ore tho mineral 

 elements. These are mainly phosphorus, sulphur, potash, soda, 

 iron, and magnesia. All of these are taken in combination with 

 tho other elements of food, but there is one other which requires 

 to bo taken in larger quantity than it can be met with in com- 

 bination. This is salt. The absolute necessity of a certain 

 portion of this element is proved by tho fact that animals fed 

 on food from which all salt has been removed die rapidly of 

 starvation. Its presence also in large quantities in all tho 

 secretions is another evidence of the same necessity. So well 

 has this been understood in all time, that one of the most 

 severe punishments of barbarous ages was to feed criminals on 

 food destitute of salt. The office it fulfils is uncertain, but 

 it is highly probable that it chemically changes tho food into a 

 condition enabling it to be absorbed. 



We have now considered all tho main factors of the food of 

 man, and in the next paper shall describe tho changes that food 

 undergoes in tho alimentary canal, and trace it to its final desti- 

 nation the blood. 



READINGS IN LATIN. XL 



PLAUTUS. 



LATIN comedies are among the earliest specimens of Roman 

 authorship that have come down to our time ; and of the 

 many authors who have distinguished themselves by their pro- 

 ductions in this branch of literature, Plautus and Terence 

 are the only two with whose works we are at all intimately 

 acquainted. Tho forms of their works are based upon Greek 

 originals, as is the case with nearly all Roman poetry, the 

 scenery being laid in Greece, and the very names of the charac- 

 ters being Greek also. Indeed, many of those plays are ac- 

 knowledged adaptations of existing Greek comedies, while, 

 strangely enough, the sentiments expressed are those of inhabi- 

 tants of Rome. But although, as we have said, these comedies 

 date from an early period in the history of Roman litera- 

 ture, the dramatic art was not of remarkably early growth in 

 Rome. Four centuries had elapsed from the building of tho 

 city before dramatic exhibitions ware introduced there for the 

 first time, and tho comedies of Plautus bear a date not very long 

 posterior to that period. Plays were first introduced into Rome 

 from Etruria, which was in all probability colonised from 

 Greece at a very early period, and thus the dramatic art itself 

 may be said to have come to Rome indirectly from Greece. 

 Considering the early dates of the comedies of Plautus, they are 

 in every respect very remarkable productions ; the plots are 

 carefully and intelligently elaborated ; the language, though 

 archaic in form and construction, is plain and intelligible, and 

 the humour genuine and seldom offensive. Indeed, one can 

 hardly understand how Horace, a man of refined taste, and 

 evidently very capable of appreciating humour, could pass upon 



the writings of Plautus the severe criticism in bis "An 

 Pootica," line* ~ . 



" At vestri proavi Plautinos et numoros et 

 Laadavore aols; ulntium patirater utrurnqoe, 

 No dicmm stulte, mirati." 



(Out your anorstors prais4 tho poetry sad wit of Plaatns, accord* 

 iutf him iu both re*pcU a leoiant, not to say sjtopid admiration.) 



M. Accius Plautns, or T. Bfaeefa* Plautus for there is some 

 dispute about tho correct form of bis name, was born B.C. 

 ' !!. lie lived, accordingly, about the period 

 of the Second Punic War. 



Our specimen of Plautus is taken from hie comedy of the 

 " TrimunmuB," or Three Pieces of Money, adapted, as the 

 author says in tho prologue, from a Greek original" Philemo 

 scripsit, Plautus vortit barbare " (Written by Philemo, turned 

 by Plantus into the vernacular) . The plot tarns upon a sum of 

 money which has been entrusted to one Callicles by Charmides 

 for tho benefit of hi son during his absence in foreign lands. 

 In the eyes of his friend Megaronides, ho appears to have be- 

 trayed his trust, and he accordingly call* upon him to explain 

 his conduct. He is able to do so satisfactorily, and Megaronidc* 

 reproaches himself for his ill-grounded suspicions. 



TBINUMMUS, ACT I., Sc. 2, 1. 150185. 



MEOAHON IDES C A LLICLES. 

 ME. Pansa. Vicisti castigatorem tuum ; 150 



Occlusti lingnam ; nihil est, qui respondeam. 

 CA. Nunc ego to quteso, ut me opera et consilio jnves, 

 Communicesquo bane mecum meam provir.ciam. 

 ME. Polliceor operam. CA. Ergo ubi eris paullo post? 



ME. Domi. 

 CA. Numquid vis? ME. Cures tuam fidcm. CA. Fit 



sedulo. 155 



ME. Sed quid ais ? CA. Quid vis ? Mz. Ubi nunc adu- 



lescens habet ? 



CA. Posticulum hoc recepit, quom sedis vendidit. 

 ME. Istuc volebam sciro, i sane nunc jam. 

 Sed quid ais ? CA. Quid ? ME. Nunc virgo nempo apud 



to est. CA. Ita est ; 



Jnxtaquo earn euro cum mea. ME. Recto facis. 160 



CA. Num quid, priusquam abeo, mo rogaturu's ? MB. Vale. 

 Nihil est profecto stultius. neque stolidius, 

 Neque mendaciloquius, neque argutum magis, 

 Neque confidentiloquius, neque periurius, 



Quam urbani assidui cives, qnos scurras vocant. 165 



Atque egomet me adeo cum illis una ibidem traho, 

 Qui illorum verbis falsis acceptor fui : 

 Qui omnia so simulant scirc, nee quidquam sciunt. 

 Quod quisque in animo habet aut habitnrust, sciunt : 

 Sciunt id quod in aurem rex reginae dixerit ; 170 



Sciunt, quod Juno fabulata eat cum Jove ; 

 Quae neqne futura neque facta, illi sciunt tamen. 

 Falson' an vero laudent, cnlpent, quern volint, 

 Non flocci facinnt ; dum illud, quod lubeat, sciant. 

 Omnes mortalos nunc hunc aibant Calliclem 175 



Indignnm civitato ac sese vivere, 

 Bonis qui hunc adulescentem evortisset snis. 

 Ego do eorum verbis famigeratorum inscius 

 Prosilui amicum castigatum innoxium. 



ijuod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe anctoritas, i89 



[Jnde quidquo auditum dicant, nisi id appareat, 

 Famigeratori res sit cnm damno et malo. 

 Soc ita si fiat, pnblico fiat bono. 

 Pauci sint faxim, qui sciant, quod nesciunt, 

 Occlusioremqne habeant stultiloquentiam. 185 



150. Pausa appears to be tlie imperative of an old verb, pansare, to 

 ease ; from the Greek ravciv. Iu some old writers the word pausa is 

 ouml as a substantive, equivalent to quies. Castigatorcm, your 



accuser; meaning himself. 



151. Occlusti contracted for occlusisti. 



153. Communicesque, etc., and undtrtaiv (o har this charge of mfiu 

 vith me; viz., the guardianship of the treasure on behalf of the son of 

 Channides. Provincium, from providentia (pro-video), means any- 

 thing/or the \relfare of which you have to provide. 



154. ErjfO is used here without the illative force (Ourtfore) which t* 

 usually bears, and simply serves as a link in the conversation, " H"<U 

 vhtre will t;ou It in a short time from thit t " Post for post hae. 



