LESSONS IN GEOLOGY. 



s, Ammonites, 



. *Kuoriuue, Oi-i. 



h. Acrodui, I 1 !. -I'lii*. LVrato-lwi, lljbodtis, Saurich- 



tbyi, Dipterouotim. 



*. TrematoMurus, Nothouuru, 'Liinomurus, ..Abyriutho- 

 don, CapitosaurtiK, 'CUdyodon, ItujmcuMiuriu. 

 Vammui. Miorolestes. 



CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF TH1 BUNTEK-HAND8TBIN. 



Plant*. Calamites Mougerti. E misotites. NuropU>ris tofans, Voltzia 



beterophylla. Alberlia elliptic*. AooiiiopUtris. 

 Fu/i. Acrodus itruunii, Ptaoodus iinprwuus. 

 ptilM. Trematosaurus, Nulhowiurus Schitnpcri. footprint* of Loby- 



rinthodon. 



CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THI XU8CHKLKALE. 



Brachiopoda. Terebratula vulgaris. 



ConcJn/ra. Oitrea pUounoidM ; Pecten disci tos, P. Iwrigatus j Lima 

 4triuta; Gorvlm Hocialis ; Myophoria vulyuris. 



Two restored labyrintbodons are in the foreground, and 

 serve to eoninut the dimension* of the fern frond* with tbos* 

 of oar dy. Considering that the rptilM most hay* boea 

 some four or five feet long, the six* of the feraa mty be eti- 

 !& 



A trikinjf difforenoe U obwrrable between the two fotcct*. 

 We haTo left the Paloxwoie period, and mterad the MewMoio m 

 we riae to the Triac. 



The general aspect of the foreet it more like that to which 

 oar eye u aooutomed. The Alberta* are not unlike oar pinee, 

 and the thick tamp* of the Voltxia are more like tree-trunk* 

 than any in the Permian foreet The fern* are not w> gigantic. 

 The celebrated little mammal, the Mitr^ettet anfiptu;, U Men 

 running up the stem of a Cyoadea in March for it* prey, for it 

 lired on innect*. 



A* to the distribution of land at thi* period, and the eon*e 

 quont diatribution of terrestrial life, we quote a iiarmgraph f ron 





IDEAL FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE J'LKMIAN PERIOD. 

 1, Araiicaria ; 2, Catamites ; 3, Lepidodendron ; 4, Sigillaria ; 5, Ferns. The animal in the foreground is the Labyrinthodon. 



GMleropoda. Tarritella reallata. 



Opholopoda. Ceratites nodosus, Nautilus bidorsalis. 



EcJivnotiermoia. Encrinus liliiforniis, Ophiura pnsca. 



Pith. Pemphiz Suensi, Acrodus Qaillardoti, Ceratodus heteromorphus, 



Hybodus major, Saurichthya costatus. 

 Reptiles. Nothosaurus, Simosaurus 



CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE KEOPER. 

 Plants. Calamites arenaceua, Equisetitea. 

 Conchifera. Posidonia minuta. 

 Reptilee. Labyrinth odoa. 

 Mammol. Microlestes antiquus. 



From tbe sketches of the forests of the Permian and triassic 

 periods the reader will at once form on idea of tho main features 

 of the flora of those epochs. 



The Permian forest still exhibits the main features of a 

 carboniferous grove. The thick, succulent Sigillaria, which 

 played so prominent a part in the making of our coal-beds, 

 are still here. They tower above the underwood of calamites 

 and ferns, and, with the Lepidodendron and Araucaria, form 

 the forest trees of the period. It is hardly necessary to remind 

 the student that these plants are endogcns, and did not produce 

 the hard wood of the exogena which form our present forests. 



! the anniversary address before the Geological Society, delivered 

 by Professor Huxley : " The Permian epoch marks the com* 



I mencement of a new movement of upheaval in our area, which 

 attained its maximum in the triassic epoch when dry land 

 existed in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa as it does 

 noTr. Into this great new continental area the mammals, birds, 

 and reptiles developed during the Paleozoic epoch spread, and 

 formed the great triassic arctogaeal province. Bat, at the end 

 of the triassic period, the movement of depression re-commenced 

 in our area, though it was doubtless balanced by elevation else- 

 where ; modification and development, checked in the one 

 province, went on in that elsewhere ; and the chief forms of 

 mammals, birds, and reptiles, as we now know them, wrre 

 evolved, and peopled the mesozoic continent, from which I con- 

 ceive Australia to have become separated as early as the end of 

 the triassic epoch, or not mnch later. This mesozoic continent 

 must, I conceive, have lain to the east, about the shore* of the 

 North Pacific and Indian Oceans ; and I am inclined to believe 

 that it continued along the eastern side of the Pacific area to 

 what ia now the province of Austro- Columbia, the characteristio 

 fauna of which is probably a remnant of the population of th 



i latter {.art of this period!." 



