LKSSONS IN .SPANISH. 



conjugations. The figures 1, 2, 3, denote the first, second, and 

 third conjugations respectively : 



COM Mood. Pott Part. Gerund. 



1. -ir -iudo 



_. -e> ,.. I, 



3. -ir 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



M.USAL, 



J PUT. 

 -sis 

 ois 

 is 



.J,.,, 



-fai 

 ials 



-istels 

 -istcia 

 -isteis 



-.iivis 

 erdis 



3 Per. 

 an 

 -en 

 on 



(an 



-fail 



-iron 

 -ieron 



-arun 

 -erdn 



Cnj. 

 1. 



I, 

 3. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



-e -dtnon 



-a -:illl"M 



-dd 



-id 



-<-U -au 



-a -amos -id -an 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

 Presold. 



SINGULAR. 

 1 Per. 2 Per. 

 -e -es 



-a -as 



-a -as 



"{ 

 2 -{ 

 "{ 



PLURAL. 



i ;v,-. 



dis 

 -iis 

 -iis 



3 Per. 

 -en 

 -an 

 -an 



-dra -aras -ara -aramos -arals -aran 



-aria -arias -aria -nriamos -ariaia -ariau 



-dseu 



-idra -idras -idra -idramos -idrais -idran 



eria -erias -eria -eriamos -eriais -or/an 



-idse -idses -idse -idsumos -idseis -idseu 



-iera -idras -idra -idrumos -idrais -idran 



-iria -irias -iria -iriamos -iriais -iriau 



idse -idses -idse -idsemos -iusois -idseu 



1. -ire -ares -are -iremos -areis -aren 



2. -idre -idres -idre -idremos -idreis -idren 



3. -idre -idres -idre -idremos -idreis -idreu 



-arals 

 -arfuis 

 -iseis 

 -idrais 

 -eriais 

 idseis 

 -idrais 

 -iriais 

 -idseis 



-areis 

 idreis 

 -idreis 



CHANGES IN THE VERB-ENDING. 



A change takes place in the first letter of the verb-ending in 

 the gerund, third person singular and plural of the perfect 

 definite in the indicative, and in all the persons of tha first and 

 third forms of the imperfect subjunctive, and in the first future 

 of the same mood, in the second or third conjugation, when the 

 verb-root ends in a, e, or u. This change is merely the substi- 

 tution of y for i ; as ca-6r, ca-y6ndo, ca-y6, ca-ydron, ca-y^re, 

 ca-yfoc, etc. ; cre-cr, cre-yndo, cre-y6, cre-ydron, cre-y&re, ere- 

 y&res, etc. ; argii-ir, argu-ydndo, argu-yo, etc. 



If the last letter of 2, verb-root be a silent u, the change in 

 the verb-ending does not take place ; as, persegu-{r, pcrsigu- 

 Mndo, etc., and not persigu-ydndo. 



CHANGES IN THE VERB-ROOT. 



In order that the last letter of the verb-root may retain, in all 

 tenses, the same sound which it has in the infinitive, a change 

 of letters is sometimes required. This change can only take 

 place when the verb-root cuds in c, g, gu, or qu. 



In such cases, there is changed, in tho first conjugation 

 of the verb-root into qu before e of the verb-ending; as, toc-dr; 



of the verb-root into gu before e of the verb-ending; as, pdj-ar; 

 p&ju-es. 



In the second conjugation 



o of the verb-root into z before a or o ; as vac-er, vliu-of, veru-o. 

 <\ into; before o or o ; as, converger; oonverj-a, oonet'rj-o. 



In the thif i < m 



of the verb- root iuto t bf ore a or o ; as un-elr ; uiu-4J, tiiiso. 



yu into 9 befoc* a or o ; ss, omy *<; cMtv-*". *>o. 

 <;u into o before a or 0; ss, J*ii^u.ir ; <Uli*c-<u, <UUiuM>. 



The reason for these changes will at onoe be perceived by the 

 student on hi* referring to what we have said on the " Sound of 

 the Consonant* ; " thus is sounded like k before a or t, and 

 like tli before or t ; while qu before or i hae the sound of k. 

 If, then, in conjugating to-c<ir (in the present tense of the Bubjano. 

 tive mood, for example), we retain the e In the verb-root, the pro- 

 nnnoiation would be altered from the sound of k to that of th / 

 thus, to-air, pronounced to-kdr, and <o>, prononnoed t6-tkmf. 

 But by changing e into qu, the hard sound of c U retained ; thus, 

 to-true, pronounced to-kay. And so before a or o, by i hedging 

 e, g, gu, and qu of the verb-root of the second and third conjuga- 

 tions into f , j, g, and c respectively ; and g of the first conjuga- 

 tion into gu before e of the verb-ending. 



The compound tenses are always formed by the different 

 persons of the verb Imbtr and the past participle of the verb to 

 be conjugated. The compound tenses are the past infinitive, 

 the gerund of the past, the perfect indefinite, the first pluperfect, 

 the second pluperfect, and second future of the indicative ; the 

 perfect indefinite, pluperfect, and second future of the sub- 

 junctive. If the student has committed to memory the simple 

 tenses of the verb haler, he is able to conjugate the compound 

 tenses of any verb in Spanish. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN SPANISH. X. 



EXEUCI&E 25. 



1. The Frenchman is in the city. 2. I am in the street 3. They 

 are contented. 4. Tou are angry. 5. He is busy. 9. Thou art ia 

 thy house. 7. The lawyers are in the hotel. 8. Are yon tired t 9. 

 Wo are not tired. 10. Where is the hotel? 11. It is hero. 12. 

 Where is my hat ? 13. It is upon the table. 14. Is Mr. B. at homo ? 

 15. He ia at home. 16. Are you well ? 17. We are welL 18. James 

 is in the field. 19. He was ill. 20. I was contented. 21. Wo 

 were present. 22. They were weary. 23. Thou wast sick. 24. Won 

 yon not in tbe field ? 25. Were you there many years ? 26. Wore 

 they sorrowful ? 27. Were you a long time with the judge f 28. 

 How long hast thou been in England '( 29. We have never boon in 

 England. 30. I have been very ill. 31. John will bo in his house. 

 32. They will be with you presently. 33. Thou wilt bo present. 34. 

 I shall bo with yon soon. 35. Let us bo contented. 36. May they 

 be present. 37. Let the water be warm. 38. It is possible that yo 

 may be present. 39. If John should be present, Mary would ts 

 pleased. 40. Oh that I had not boon sick ! 



EXERCISE 26. 



1. Estamos tristes. 2. EstaU unfadado. 3. Esti ocupado. i. 

 El agua esti caliente. 5. Mi padre esta en la ciudad. 6. El imprssor 

 siempre esti ocupado. 7. Siempre estis ocupado. 8. j Dundfl ostd 

 el libro de Juan f 9. Aqui csti. 10. i Donde estan mis enchants, 

 cuchilloa, y tenedores ? 11. Aqui estan. 12. j Conio esti V. ? 13. 

 Estoy bueco. 14. j Coino esti la senora B. T 15. Esti buena. 16. 

 j Como esti la senorita B. ? 17. No esta may buena. 18. \ Esti Vmd. 

 cansado '. 19. No estoy cansado. 20. j Esti Pedro en Madrid ? 21. 

 No, seiior, esti en Inglatorra. 22. El libro esti sobre la mesa. 23. 

 La senora B. estaba ocupado. 24. Yms. estaban presento. 25. 

 Estabais preseutes. 26. j No estaba mi padre en la ciudad ? 

 27. Estabamos en la calle. 23. Estabas con tu amigo. 29. Estuve 

 triste dos aiios. 30. { Estuviste alii ? 31. { Estuvo alii ! 32. Sunca 

 ho estado en Inglaterra. 33. Habiamos estado muy enfermos. 34. 

 Estard ocupado. 35. Estaromos en nuestras casas. 36. Estareis 

 presentes. 37. Pedro estari con nosotros luego. 38. Estid contontos. 

 39. Estd conteuto. 40. Es posible quo Pedro estd en su casa. 41. 

 Probable es que los abogados esten cansados. 42. | Ojali V. hubieso 

 estado preseute ! 43. Estando enfermo el juez dio su dinero i 8 us 



EXERCISE 27. 



1. Tu ores sobdrbio. 2. Estus enfadado. 3. La mnerte es terri!le. 

 4. Estamos en la calle. 5. Mi padre os muy rico. 6. Mi madre osti 

 muy triste. 7. El plomo es pesado. 8. La leche esti agria. 9. Soy 

 Aleman. 10. Somos imprudentos. 11. Estamos eufermos. 12. Ella 

 es vieja. 13. Ella esti content*. 14. Mi madre os cioga. 15. Mi 

 hija es ciega de ira. 16. Maria es bennosa. 17. Lucia esti ocupado. 

 IS. Juan es bueiio. 19. Juan esti bueno. 20. La cuchara os do oro. 

 21. La cuchara esti sobre la mesa. 22. Las medias son do soda. 23. 

 Las medias estan en la calle. 24. El libro es para Maria. 25. El 

 libro esti en la fonda. 36. Aqui estan las medias. 27. Mi madre 

 es enfermiza. 28. Mi madre osti enferma. 29. Los botones SOB de 

 plata. 30. Estan escribiendo. 31. El asucar es dulce. 32. SOB 

 sabios. 33. Estan tristes. 34. j Dondo asti mi sombrero ? 35. 

 csti. 



