LESSONS IN FRENCH. 





Third : in tho case of the vorb mm en. when joimxl as an 

 auxiliary to another vorb ; as, id) bin gelobl rooiicu (not getvorten), 



1 /lUl'tf ' . ,l ft- '. I. 



70. A i -i:S. 



(1.) In Gorman tho auxiliary verbs are usually divided into 

 two classes. 



Tho first class consists of throe verbs, without which 



no complete conjugation can bo formed. They are, b,aben, to 



i be; and wertcn, fo become. Theso verbs, though 



chiefly employed as auxiliaries, aro often themselves in the eon- 



.idpal verbs. In that case, they aiti one another in 



u of tho compound tenses, u may be seen in tho 



Ligms. 



ixiliorios, these three verbs enter into the oomposi- 

 tho compound tonsoa, active and passive, of all classes 

 ros. 



(4.) aben is used in forming the perfect, pluperfect, and 

 second future tenses in tho active voice ; thus, from loben, to 

 praise, wo have 



Perfect. 3d; babe gelobt, I have praised. 



. 3d; batte gclobt, I hmi praised. 

 Second Fu /'</'. J>li wctbe gclobt I;abcn, I shall JMV praised. 



(5.) Sriii is used in forming tho perfect, pluperfect, and 

 second future tenses, both in tho active and passive; thus, from 

 loben, to praise, and wadjfcn, to grow, wo have 



(live. Pa*. 



3d; bin gemad;fen, I 3d; bin gclobt worten, i liave 



have grown. boon praised, 



p; f * i 3d; war geroadjfen, 3d; war gclobt worten, I had 



* \ I had grown. been praised. 



_ , ( 3<$ wtrte gciuadjfcn 3d; wcrtc gclobt raorben fcin, I 



< fein, Ishall/iave shall have been praised. 

 lre - ( grown. 



In tho formation of these tenses, wherever any part of fcin 

 occurs, it is rendered into English by tho corresponding part of 

 the verb b, aben ; thus, id; bin gewacb.fen, I have grown, etc. This 

 arises from the necessity of suiting the translation to our lan- 

 guage, which in these places requires tho vorb to have. 



(6.) 2Berlcn is used in forming the future tenses and tho 

 conditionals ; thus, from loben, to praise, we have 



p f A 



e ' 



Futures. 



1. 3$ nscrfce Icbcn, I shall 



praise. 



2. 3c* rocrte gelobt fyaben, I 



shall have praised. 



Conditionals. 

 tourbc lobtn, I should 

 praise. 



lourfce gelobt Ijaben, I sJiould 

 have praised. 



SEBertcn is also employed with tho perfect participle of a prin- 

 cipal verb, to form the passive voice (see 84). Note, also 

 above, that toerfce and n>urbe are rendered by their equivalents 

 hall and should in the conjugation of the English verb. 



71. BEMAEKS ON THE USE OP Baben AND fein. 



(1.) As tho perfect and pluperfect tenses of verbs must be 

 conjugated, sometimes with fi, aben and sometimes with fcin, it 

 becomes important to know when to use tho one and when tho 

 other. Tho determination of this question depends chiefly upon 

 the signification of the main verb. Tho general rules aro the 

 following : 



(2.) aben is to be used in conjugating all active transitive 

 verbs, all reflective verbs, all impersonal verbs, all the auxiliaries 

 of the second class (viz., turfen, fennen, mogen, njollcn, follen, muffen, 

 and laffcn), and many intransitives. 



(3.) Scin is to bo used in conjugating all intransitive verbs, 

 signifying a change of the condition of the subject, as, gctcitycn, 

 to prosper ; gfntfcn, to recover ; rcifcn, to ripen ; fcfjwtntcn, to 

 dwindle ; fterbcn, to die : all verbs indicating motion towards or 

 from a place, as, ctlen, to hasten ; gcfycn, to go ; rtitcn, to ride ; finfen, 

 to sink ; and also all verbs in tho passive voice. 



(4.) Some verbs take, in the formation of thoso tenses, either 

 baben or fcin, according as they are employed in one sense or in 

 another. This, however, will be best understood by practice in 

 r>' I'ling and speaking. The following are examples : 



<5r ill in fctncm ncucn Sffiagcn fort* He has driven off in his new 

 gefab,rcn. carriage. 



Stttin 9nft<r &at (Vrtjrf jfrrn leutfd; 



ju (rftn. 



Da* Maffer ift gcfrorrn. 

 Ten armcn SRann fcat rl in irm 



fatten Dimmer gefrerm. 



ifl anf nrun 8dfni gc- 



I Jl -liclf bjit to* tbnii 



cflccn. 

 Dal erfiijf t|l anl Ufrr grtrifbcn. 



My brother has proceeded to 



read German. 

 The water is (has) frozen. 

 It ha* chilled the poor man in 



the cold room. 

 The ship has struck upon a 



rock. 

 The people hare thrust the 



king from the throne. 

 The ship ha* been driven upon 



the shore. 

 HM :,, h 



Tor Saum ^at ntuc 30*19* gttfic* 

 ben. 



KEY TO EXERCISES Uf LESSONS TX OEBMAK. 



EXEBCUB 160 (Vol. IIL, pn^e 887). 

 1. He hmitatod to entrust the gold watoa to the stna*w. 2. The 



father hesitated to belie cTerything th*t his son told him. 5. Be 

 who hesitates too much trains littl*. 4. The/ beliTed him to to a 

 respectable num. 5. I took him for the major of this town. 6. We 

 thought he was something quite different. 7. The young boohssfler 

 has published a now work. 8. Has Mr. N.'s new grammar been 

 published yet ? 9. It has just appeared at Mr. N.'s publUhing-ofloe. 



10. I am entirely at a loss what to do in this natter. 11. The 

 mother is embarrassed because she has forgotten the name of tb 

 street. 12. He is at a loss to know whence ha may get the fcwsatjr 

 dollars that he requires. 13. She is embarrassed about the sudden 

 appearance of a stranger. 14. Shall we play a game at chess or at 

 billiards ? 15. I prefer a game at chess, because at this game more 

 judgment than skill ia required. 16. Do you like cbss? 17. Ob, 

 yes; but I have very little opportunity to play it, wherefore I am 

 very often checkmated by god players. 18. Do you play an instru- 

 ment ? 19. Tes, I play the piano, and have begun to play the violin 

 within a few days. 20. Are you more fond of playing the violin than 

 the piano? 21. No, I am as fond of playing the one instrument t 

 the other. 22. Do you play the flute ? 23. No, but I purpose learn- 

 ing to blow the horn. 24. How long have yon been playing the flute ? 

 25. For about a month. 26. I have mislaid those papers ; I do not 

 know where they are to be found. 27. The sister has mislaid her 

 gloves and her book. 28. Such behaviour quite disturbed the self- 

 possession of tho man, who is at other times so calm, and bis abort 

 replies and the redness of his cheeks betrayed what was going on 

 within. 29. I divined in an instant the cause that had called 

 forth this disposition in my friend's mind, and made the other on* 

 also guess it, that he might be more careful in his expressions. 



EXERCISE 161 (Vol. IIL, page 227). 



1. <5t trug JBrtenfcn, feincm flnroalte tic Sa$c njuctrtraunt. 2. 

 Sic aKutter trug J0rtcnfcn, 2lttc ju glauben, a ifjrc 3Jx$ter i$r rrjAbltc. 

 3. 3cty fjabe 3b.r ud; wrlegt, lint bin tcpb,alb in grcpct SJtrUgfiivnt. 4. 

 <Da Jlinb tyintcrgtng fcincn i'cftrcr, rocjibalb tcrfclbt JBrtcnto rniij, i^iu 

 irtrtcr ju glaubcn. 5. <5r fpicttt iBilltart, unt mlor att fete <8d. . 

 liM(cu Sic cine $artic @d;ad; mit mir fpicltn ? 7. SfcmV fa$ Jtrf* tinr 

 $artie Sitliart rcr, tcnn id; t*rflc$e nidit titl tern 2*ad;. 3. 

 @ic irgcnb fin 3n(irumcnt ? 9. 3a, id; friclc flkvier, unt ^<n>e 

 iiJtBline ju tcrncn. 10. SBcfiljt 3b,re Scbmcflcr Scrtigfcit anf tcni Clavier? 



11. Slcin, abet fie frielt mciftcr^aft auf let J&arfc. 12. Set tk'"t 

 wrlor cr afle gaffung, unfc ute nidjt, a or antrcortcn (elite. 13. <rc 

 Q. in Sonfctm wirt balD tie @efd;id;te let JtC'nige sen ftnglant frrrau 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. LXXV. 



80. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS ON THE USE or 

 THE ARTICLE (continued). 



(6.) PROPER names of persons do not admit of the article, 

 unless it forms a part of the name ; as, Lebrun, Lamartine, 

 La Harpe, La Fontaine ; as also in the names of some Italian 

 poets and painters ; as Le Tasse. Tasso ; Le Dante, Dante, etc. 

 An adjective, however, coming before proper names, is generally 

 preceded by the article : 



Le ban et n:uf La Fontaine. Thf good and candid La Fon- 



tninr. 

 Le piexuc Teuelon. Tfc ptom Ffntlon. 



(7.) It has been seen [ 13, (1.) Examples] that the plural 

 article is often placed in elevated style before the names of 

 renowned individuals : 



Nous avons vu a la fois a la 

 tte des escadrous impe'riiuix les 

 Mur.it, les Kellerman, les Las- 

 salle, lea Moutbrun. 



IT* bar* teen at our* at (JU kftd 

 of the imjvrial jua<irouj, Ifurat, 

 KeUerna*, Lauallt, Moutbrun, 



