33' 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOPv. 



(8.) Names of kingdoms and provinces, when preceded by 

 the preposition en, take no article : 



En France, en Aui^rique. In France, in America. 



(9.) No article is placed after en preceding a noun used 

 indeterminately ; or after the word ni standing before a noun, 

 direct object of a verb : 



Nous irons en voiture. 



"Vous etes en peine. 



Nous n'avons ni or ni argent. 



We shall go in. a carriage. 



You are in trouble. 



We h .ve neither gold nor silver. 



(10.) The article is omitted before plus and moins in com- 

 parative sentences, where, in English, it would, in the corre- 

 sponding place, be inserted : 



Plus tme action esfc utile, plus 

 elle est louable. 



The more useful an action is, the 

 more praiseworthy it is. 



(11.) The article precedes plus and moins to form the super- 

 lative relative, and agrees in gender and number with the 

 noun : 



Tour sister did not weep, although 

 she was the most grieved of all those 

 ladies. 



(12.) The article remains invariable when it stands before a 

 superlative absolute ; i.e., a superlative not implying compari- 

 son with other persons or objects : 



Votre sceur ne pleurait pas, 

 quoiqu'elle fut la plus afflige'e de 

 toutes ces dames. 



Your sister does not weep, even 

 when she is most grieved. 



Votre soeur ne pleure pas, lors 

 me me qu'elle est le plus afflige'e. 

 NOEL. 



(13.) For the sake of emphasis, the article is often omitted 

 before a series of nouns used either as subjects or as objects : 



Citoyens, Strangers, amis, enne- 

 tnis, tous le reverent. 



Citizens, strangers, friends, ene- 

 mies, all reference him. 



81. IDIOMS IN WHICH THE ARTICLE is OMITTED. 



Ajouter foi, to give credit. 



Avec ardeur, etc., with ardour. 



Avoir appe'tit, to have an appetite. 



Avoir besoin, to have need. 



Avoir chaud, to be warm. 



Avoir coutume, to be accustomed. 



Avoir dessein, to intend. 



Avoir dispute, to have difficulties 



Avoir envie, to wish, to desire 



Avoir faim, (o be hungry. 



Avoir froid, to be cold. 



Avoir houte, to be a-hamed. 



Avoir mal, to have a pain. 



Avoir patience, to have patience. 



Avoir peur, to be afraid. 



Avoir pitid, to take pity. 



Avoir raison, to be right. 



Avoir soif, to be thirsty. 



Avoir soin, to take care. 



Avoir sommeil, to be sleepy. 



Avoir sujet, to have reason. 



Avoir tort, to be wrong. 



Chercher fortune, to seelc one's for- 

 tune. 



Conrir risque, to run the risk. 



Doniander justice, to demand jus- 

 tice. 



Demander pardon, to beg pardon. 



Donner avis. ) . . , 



Faire part, } * m/orm ' 



Entendre raillerie,* to bear jokes. 



Faire attention, to pay attention. 



Puire bonne chere, to live well. 



Faire credit, to sell on credit, 

 envie, to excite envy. 



Faire honueur, to honour. 



Faire horreur, to inspire horror. 



Faire mention, to mention. 



Faire naufrage, to stiver shipwreck. 



Faire peur, to frighten. 



Faire place, (o m-ike room. 



Faire plasir, to oblige. 



Faire present, to pre:ent. 



Faire reflexion, to reflect. 



Faire tort, to injure. 



Mettre fin, to put an end. 



Mettre ordre, to arrange. 



Par d^pit, etc., through spife. 



Perdre courage, to lose courage. 



Porter euvie, to envy. 



Porter malheur, to bring ill-lucfc. 



Pour recompense, etc., as a re- 

 ward. 



Preudre conge", to take leave. 



Preudre feu, to catch /re. 



Preudre garde, to take care. 



Prendre haleine, to tal;e breath. 



Prendre me'decine, to tafce medi- 

 an c. 



Prendre racine, to take root. 



Eendre compte, to account. 



Eeudre justice, to render jus'ice. 



Eendre service, to oblige. 



Eendre visite, to visit. 



Sans peine, without difficulty. 



Sans souci, without sorrow or care. 



Tenir compagnie, to keep company. 



Tenir lieu, to tafee the place. 



Tenir parole, to keep one's word. 



Trouver rnoyen, to find means. 



82. THE ADJECTIVE. 



(1.) We have seen [ 19, Enle (3.)] that an adjective relat- 

 ing to two substantives of the same gender must agree with 

 them in gender, and be put in the plural ; 



(2.) And that an adjective relating to two or more nouns of 

 different genders must be put in the masculine plural R 18, 

 Rule (4.)]. 



(3.) When, however, nouns, not united by the conjunction 

 et, are somewhat synonymous ; when the writer wishes to draw 

 the attention more especially to the last ; the adjective will as- 

 sume the gender and number of the last noun only : 



* Entendre la raillerie is also said, but it means, to understand joking. 



Toute sa vie u'a etu qu'uu tni- 

 vail, qu'une occupation COnti- 

 nuelle. MASSILLON. 



Je ne connais point de roman, 

 point de corne'die espagnole sans 

 combats. FLORIAN. 



Le fer, le bandeau, la flamme 

 est toute prete. EACINE. 



His whole life hoo been nothing 

 but continual labour and tccupa- 

 tion. 



I know no Spanish novel or comedy 

 without combats. 



The Icnife, the band, the flam? is 

 all ready. 



(4.) Sometimes the adjective preceded by two or more sub- 

 stantives joined by the conjunction et, is intended to qualify 

 the last only. It must then, of course, agree with that noun 

 only : 



Le bou gout des figyptiens leur 

 fit aimer la soliditd et la regu- 

 larite toute nue. BOSSUET. 



Le sourire est uue marque de 

 bienveillance, d'applaudisseuient, 

 et de satisfaction interieure. 

 BUFFON. 



The good tasfe of the Egyptians 

 made them like solidity and un- 

 adorned regularity. 



The smile is a mark of goodwill, 

 f applause, and of inward sat i fac- 

 tion. 



83. EEMA.EKS ON THE PECULIARITIES OF SEVERAL 

 ADJECTIVES. 



(1.) The adjective feu (late, deceased) is invariable, when 

 placed before the article or adjective determining a noun, but 

 varies when placed after the determining word : 



I Itave heard my late sister sa;; 

 that 7ier daughter and I were born 

 the same year. 



The duke of . . . owes to the 

 good-will of the late queen towards 

 him the good graces of the emperor. 



The late princes. 



J'ai ou'i dire a feu ma soeur, quo 

 sa fllle et moi naquimes la meme 

 annee. MONTESQUIEU. 



Le due de . . . doit a la bien- 

 veillauce dont 1'houorait la feue 

 reine, les bonnes graces de 1'em- 

 pereur. DE SALVANDY. 



Feu les princes, or les feus 

 princes. 



NOTE. Feu is said only of persons we have or might have 

 known. When applied to kings, popes, etc., it means the last 

 one who has died. Feu la reine is employed when no queen 

 has succeeded the defunct one ; la feue reine in the reverse case. 



(2.) The adjectives nu, bare, and demi, half, are invariable 

 when placed before the noun, in which case they are joined to 

 it by a hyphen : 



II e"tait nu-tete; les pieds 

 chaussds de petites sandales. 



VOLTAIRE. 



Une demi-heure apres avoir 

 quitte" le vaisseau, je foulai le sol 

 ame'ricain. CHATEAUBRIAND. 



He was bare-headed; he wore on 

 his feet small sandals. 



Half an hour after having left the 

 ship, I trod the American soil. 



(3.) The adjectives nu and demi, when coming after the noun 

 agree with it : 



Accoutumez vos enfants a de- 

 meurer 6te et hiver, jour et unit, 

 toujours tete nue. 



J. J. EOUSSEAU. 



Opimius paya la tete de Cains 

 Gracchus, dix-sept livres et demie 

 d'or. VERTOT. 



^Lccustom your children to remain 

 siimmer and winter, day and night, 

 always bare-headed. 



Opimius paid for the head of Cains 

 Gracchus seventeen pounds and a 

 half of gold. 



(4.) Franc, in the expression franc de port, postage free, car- 

 riage paid, may be used adjectively when it must agree ; or 

 adverbially when it remains invariable : 



J'ai recu franc de port une 

 lettre anonyme. J. J. EOUSSEAU. 



Le Contrat social est imprirne', 

 et vous en recevrez douze exem- 

 plaires, francs de port. 



THE SAME. 



(5.) An adjective used adverbially, that is, modifying a verb, 

 is of course invariable [ 68, (3.)] : 



I received, postage free, an anony- 

 mous letter. 



The social Contract is printed, and 

 you will receive twelve copies free of 

 postage. 



En Laponie, une peau d'her- 

 mine coute quatre ou cinq sous ; 



In Lapland the skin of the ermine 

 costs four or five sous; the flesh of 

 this animal smells very bad. 



Never in my life liave I 

 women's voices sound so laud. 



heard 



la chair de cet animal sent tres 

 mauvais. EEGKARD. 



De ma vie je n'ai entendu des 

 voix de femme monter si haut. 

 MME. DE SEVIGNE. 



(6.) Compound adjectives remain invariable when they ex- 

 press colour ; in other cases only their last component agrees, 

 the first being considered as an adverb modifying the second : 



Cet oiseau a le bee et les pieds 

 gris-brun. BUFFON. 



Uue fille nouveau-nee. 

 Des moutous mort-nes. 



This bird's bill and feet are of c 

 dark brown colour. 

 A new-bom colour. 

 Still-born sheep. 



