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THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



BONDED GOODS. Goods in bond are those liable to duty, 

 and stored in certain licensed or bonded warehouses, after bond 

 lias been given on behalf of the owners of the goods for the 

 payment of such duty on their removal for home consumption. 



BONUS. An extra dividend to the shareholders of public 

 companies ; also applied as a term to periodical additions made 

 to policies of life assurance consequent upon a division of 

 profits by the company assuring. 



BOOK DEBTS. Amounts standing in the books of traders as 

 due to them. They are generally classed as good, doubtful, and 

 bad. 



BOTTOMRY. The mortgage of a ship by her master or 

 owners for the purpose of obtaining means to effect repairs, or 

 to procure any requisite for the ship. The lender takes the 

 risk of the loss of the ship, and it rests with him to insure it ; 

 but at the end of the voyage the loan is repayable with the 

 agreed amount of interest. A bond is usually given for the 

 money so obtained, which is termed a Bottomry Bond. When 

 a loan is procured on the cargo, which may be sold or exchanged 

 during the voyage, the borrower's personal responsibility be- 

 comes the chief security, and is termed Respondentia. 



BOUGHT AND SOLD NOTES. See Broker's Contracts. 



BOUNTY. A premium for the encouragement of a particular 

 branch of industry. 



BROCAGE, or BROKAGE. A commission gained by transacting 

 business for others, mostly used when the transaction has been 

 illegal or of a mean description. 



BROKERAGE. The per-centage or commission charged by a 

 broker for negotiating any business. 



BROKERS. Persons engaged to transact business, or make 

 bargains for others. The principal are Produce Brokers, Bill 

 Brokers, Stock Brokers, Ship Brokers, and Insurance Brokers. 



BROKERS' CONTRACTS. Notes signed by brokers and for- 

 warded to their principals immediately on the completion of 

 purchases or sales ; they describe the goods, and the conditions 

 under which they are sold. These are also called Bought and 

 Sold Notes. 



BULL. A speculator on the Stock Exchange, who contracts 

 to take stock or shares (which he has no intention of paying for) 

 at a future fixed period, and at a certain price, his expectation 

 being that a rise in their market quotations will enable him to 

 sell at a higher rate previous to the arrival of the day for 

 settling. (See Bear.) 



LESSONS IN LATIN. L. 



SYNTAX AGREEMENT. 



4. A NOUN agrees with an adjective or participle ; for 

 example : 



1. Adjective. P ATRIA Ciceroni CARISSIMA est. 



His COUNTRY Was MOST DEAR to CiceTO. 



2. Participle. CARTHAGO DELETA est. 



CAKTHAGE lias been DESTROYED. 



In the first instance, the adjective carissima is in the same 

 gender, number, and case as the noun patria. In the second 

 instance, the participle deleta is in the nominative case, singular 

 number, and feminine gender, because Carthago is in the nomi- 

 native case, singular number, and feminine gender. 



The rule, then, is 



A noun agrees with an adjective or participle in gender, 

 number, and case. 



If the subject consists of more than one noun, the attributives 

 (the adjective or participle) must, together with the verb, be in 

 the plural number, as 



Pater et films MORTUI sunt. 



Thefztlier and the son ASE DEAD (have died). 



If the subject contains nouns of different genders for 

 instance, one masculine and one feminine then the masculine, 

 being what grammarians call the more worthy, requires the 

 predicate to be in the masculine, as 



Pater luihi et mater MORTUI simt. 

 My father and mother ABE DEAD. 



The gender is in some cases determined by attraction, the 

 noun nearest the adjective or participle attracting or drawing 

 the adjective or participle into its gender, as 



CONVICTA est MESSALINA et Silius. 



MESSALINA u'us CONVICTED and Silius. 



This construction may be explained by the supposition that 

 the predicate agrees in reality with the nearest noun only, and 

 is to be considered as repeated after the second noun, thus : 



Convicta est Messalina, et Silius convictus est. 

 Messalina was convicted, and Silius was convicted. 



When nouns in the subject represent things, the predicate is 

 in the singular, though one or more of the nouns may be 

 masculine or feminine, as 



Secundffi res, honores, iniperia, victories, FORTUITA sunt. 

 Prosperity, honours, commands, victories, are GIFTS OF FORTUNE. 



Here the subject contains one masculine noun, honores, and two 

 feminine nouns, secundce res and victorias, yet the attributive is 

 in the neuter gender, fortuita. A masculine noun, however, 

 requires the adjectives or participle to be in the masculine 

 gender. The gender may also be determined by proximity, that 

 is, by the gender of the nearest noun. 



When the subject, though in the feminine or neuter gender, 

 denotes male persons, then the construction, being determined 

 by the sense rather than the sound, requires the predicate to be 

 in the masculine, as 



CAPITA conjurationis PERCUSSI sunt. 



THE HEADS of the conspiracy were PUNISHED WITH DEATH. 



A difference is to be observed between an epithet and a noun 

 in apposition. The attribute is called an epithet when it consists 

 of an adjective or participle. The attribute is said to be in 

 apposition to the subject when the attribute is a noun. Epithets, 

 whether used as predicates or merely as adjectives, must be in 

 the same gender, number, and case as their nouns : for example, 

 mons altus, a high mountain ; mons est altus, the mountain is 

 high ; gramen viride, green grass ; gramen est viride, grass is 

 green. Care must be taken to ascertain whether the subject is 

 singular or plural ; for example : 



Placuit, cousules circa PORTAS Collinam Esquilinamque ponere castra. 

 It was resolved that the consuls should pitch the camp around the Colline 

 and Esquiline GATES. 



Here you have the epithets Collina and Esquilina in the singular, 

 though the noun portce is in the plural. The reason is that there 

 were two separate individual gates the Porta Collina, and the 

 Porta Esquilina. Had the adjectives been common and not 

 proper, and so had the qualities which they represent been shared 

 by the noun gates, then would the epithets have been in the 

 plural ; for example : 



Portas urbis munitissimas refregit. 



He broke open tlie very strongly fortified gates of the city. 



If the two or more nouns are taken separately, the epithet is 

 to be put in the singular number, as 



Inter Esquilinam Collinamque PORTABI posuit castra. 



He placed the camp between the Esquiline and the Colline GATE. 



Apposition requires nouns to agree in case, whether they 

 agree or not in number and gender, as 



ALEXANDER, REX Macedonum, magnus appellatur. 

 ALEXANDER, KING of the Macedonians, is called great. 



5. A noun may agree with a verb, as, for example, in the 

 following sentences 



1. Nauta navigat, a sailor tails. 



2. Nautra navigant, tailors sail. 



3. Tu nauta navigas, thou sailor sailest. 



4. Vos nautae navigatis, nos nautse navigamus, you sailors sail, we 

 sailors sail. 



Here it is seen that the noun agrees with its verb in number 

 and person. Observe that in the third sentence nauta is not in 

 the vocative case, but in the nominative, being in apposition 

 with tu. 



A noun in the singular number must have the verb in the 

 singular number. A noun of the first person must have the 

 verb in the first person. A noun in the second person must 

 have the verb in the second person. A noun in the third person 

 must have the verb in the third person. These statements may 

 be generalised into the rule 



The subject agrees with its verb in number and person. 



The subject may be either simple or compound. A simple 

 subject consists of one noun. A simple subject having its noun 

 in the singular requires the verb to be in the singular. A 



