350 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



IV. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Present. 

 Sing. Me lo procviri, I may procure 



it. 



Te lo procuri. 

 Se lo procuri. 

 Plur. Ce lo procuriamo. 

 Ve lo procuriate. 

 Se lo procurino. 

 Imperfect. 



Sing. Me lo procurassi, etc., I 

 might procure it. 



Perfect. 

 Sing. Me lo sia procurato, I may 



have procured it. 

 Te lo sia procurato. 

 Se lo sia procurato. 

 Plur. Ce lo siamo procurato. 

 Ve lo siate procurato. 

 Se lo siamo procurato. 



Pluperfect. 



Sing. Me lo fussi procurato, etc., 

 I might have procured, it. 



RENDERVISI, to repair thither, AND FUGGIRSENE, to run away. 



The first of these verbs shows some of the principal combi- 

 nations of the relative particle vi with reflective verbs. Vi, 

 therefore, refers to a place mentioned before or understood. The 

 combination of this particle with verbs which are not reflective 

 is also very frequent ; as, an-ddr-vi, to go there ; Ss-ser-vi, to be 

 there ; vi vd-do, I go there ; cor-rid-mo-vi, let us run there ; 

 co-glid-mo-vi i frut-ti, let us gather fruits there, etc. 



The second of these verbs shows some of the frequent com- 

 binations with reflective verbs of the relative particle ne, which 

 here is equivalent to da que'-sto luo-go, from this place ; or to 

 vf-a, away ; or to from it (referring to a place mentioned or 

 understood) : for example, an-ddr-se-ne, to go away, etc. In 

 elegant style ne, with reflective verbs, is sometimes a mere 

 expletive requiring no translation in English ; as, tor-nar-se-ne, 

 to return ; me ne rt-do di que-sto, I laugh at it, etc. Generally, 

 however, ne, with reflective verbs, signifies of it or of them in 

 English. 



I. INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Present. 



Bendervisi, to repair thither. \ Fuggirsene, to run away. 

 Past. 



fisser 



fuggito, 

 away. 



(o have run 



Esservisi renduto, to have repaired 

 thither. 



Present Gerund. 



Bendendovisi, repairing thither. \ Fuggendosene, running aivay. 

 Past Gerund. 



Essendovisi renduto, having 

 paired thither. 



Essendosene fuggito, having run 

 away. 



II. INDICATIVE MOOD. 

 Present. 



Sing. lo mi vi rendo,* I repair 

 Tu vi ti rendi. [thither. 



Egli vi si rende. 



Plur. Noi vi ci rendiamo. 

 Voi vi ci rend^te.J 

 Eglino vi si rendono. 



Sing. lo me ne fiiggo,t I run away. 



Tu te ne fuggi. 



Egli so ne fuggo. 

 Plur. Noi ce ne fuggiamo. 



Voi ve ne fuggite. 



Eglino se ne fiiggono. 



Determinate Preterite. 



Sing. lo mi vi sono renduto, I \ Sing. lo me sono fuggito, I have 

 have repaired thither. run away. 



Indeterminate Pluperfect. 



Sing. lo mi vi era renduto, I hud I Sing. lo me ne era fuggito, I had, 

 repaired thither. run away. 



Til. IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing. Bndiviti, do thou repair 



thither. 

 Non vi ti rendere, do not 



thou repair thither. 

 ' Bendavisi. 

 Plur. Rendiamovici. 

 Bend^tevici. 

 Bendanvisi. 



I Sing. Figgitene, do thou run 



acray. 

 Non te ne fuggire, do not 



thou run away. 

 Fuggnsene. 

 Plur. Fuggiamocene. 

 Fuggi tevene. 

 Fiiggansene. 



And so on with all the other moods and tenses. 



IMPERSONAL VEEBS. 



Impersonal verbs only express an indeterminate or uncertain 

 subject or cause of some act. They are conjugated throughout 



* Mi and me in all combinations with particles or pronouns gene- 

 rally stand first. But the particle vi, there, stands before the reci- 

 procal pronouns fi (2nd pers. sing.), ci (1st pers. plur.), aud si (3rd 

 pers. sing, and plur.). 



t The order of the words me ne, te nc, ce ne, ve ne, and se ne, is 

 generally never altered. 



t It would be against harmony to say voi vi vi rendete, you repair (i.e., 

 betafce yourselves] thither. For this reason the particle ci, here (there), is 

 substituted for ti, there, and follows the reciprocal pronoun vi, your- 



all moods and tenses only in the third person, which ia alone 

 capable of conveying the idea of an indeterminate or uncertain 

 subject. There are three classes of impersonal verbs in Italian. 

 The first are impersonal verbs in the strictest sense of the 

 word, expressing some act which is never attributed to a person, 

 but to some unknown agency. In English they require the 

 indeterminate and neuter pronoun it, in Italian they generally 

 require no pronoun whatever : for example : 



Diliivia, it rains as fast as it can pour. 



Acaide, ") 

 Avviene, V- i 

 Occorre, ) 



t happens. 



Albeggia, the day dawns. 



Balena, ) ..,.,. 



_ ,' . > it lightens. 

 Lampeggia, ) 



Bdsta, it is enough. 



Bisogna,* it mvst, it is necessary. 



, 

 Non b 1S o 



there is no need or 



Gela, it freezes. 

 Grandina, it hails. 

 Importa, it is of importance or con- 

 sequence, it mailers. 

 Non importa, it is no matter, it dos 



not signify. 

 Nevica, it snows. 

 Pare, it appears. 

 Piove, it rains. 

 Pioviggina, it drizzles. 

 Se'rabra, it seems. 



T , > occasion, it is noi 



Non occorre, ( 



) necessary. 



Mi cale, I care or am concerned for, 



I take an interest in, Tempesta, it is stormy. 



Conviene, it is right or proper. I Tuona, it thunders. 



Some phrases which in English have it is, it was, etc., in 

 Italian are expressed by fa, it makes ; fa-cd-va, it made, etc., 

 with some noun or adjective, and must be considered as imper- 

 sonal periphrases ; for example : 



Fa d' vi 



Fa (di) 



a d uopo, or o d uopo, ^ ., . ,,. , 



' ., . . * ' . . ( it is needful. 

 a (di) mestien (or rnestierc) > 



, /,., ... . , ... v I necessaru. 



or e (di)mestieri (or mesticre), ) 



Fa caldo, caldissimo, it is hot, very hot. 



6ggi fa fre'ddo, to-doy it is cold. 



Jeri facdva piii fre'ddo die oggi, yesterday it was colder than to-day. 



The impersonal verbs of this class have only the third person 

 singular. It must, however, not be forgotten that every imper- 

 sonal verb retains its characteristic only as long as its subject 

 is either really unknown or left indeterminate on purpose. It 

 becomes personal as soon as its subject is determined. Conse- 

 quently, whenever the sense of the impersonal verbs of this 

 class admits of nouns or pronouns becoming their subjects, 

 they must agree with them in number and person ; as, gli 

 6c-chi suo-i lam-peg -gid-va-no, his eyes sparkled ; le Id-gri-me 

 pio-vo-no di-rjli 6c-chi, tears flow from his eyes ; gd-la-no i 

 fiu-mi, the rivers are freezing. 



The impersonal or indeterminate form of the third person 

 singular goes through all moods and tenses, and pio-ve-re, to 

 rain, may be taken as a model of the conjugation of the verbs 

 of this class. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

 Present. Piovere, to rain. 

 Past. Ave"r piovuto, to haue rained. 

 Past Participle. Piovuto, rained. 

 Present Gerund. Piovendo, rai?iing. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

 Present. Piove, it rains. 

 Imperfect. PioveVa, it rained. 



Indeterminate Preterite. Piovve or Piove,t it rained. 

 Determinate Preterite. Ha piovuto.J it has rained. 

 Indeterminate Pluperfect. AveVa piovuto, it had rained. 

 Determinate Plitper/ect. bbe piovuto, it had rained. 



* This important verb governs an infinitive without a preposition, 

 or c?ie with the subjunctive, as bi-sd-gna di-re, it must be said ; bi-sd-gna 

 fare il su-o do-ve-re, one must do one's duty ; bi-s(5-gna che cio si-a v6-ro, 

 this must be true (that is, it is necessary that this should be true; 

 and in all cases where bisogna is followed by che, the English nominative 

 of must is in Italian the nominative of the subjunctive) ; bi-so-gna che 

 t-o me ne vd-da, I must go away ; bi-sd-gna ch' 6gli ven-ga, he must 

 come ; bi-sd-gna che noi lo fac-cid-mo, we must do it ; bi-sd-gna che sap- 

 pid-te, you must know, etc. Sometimes, however, it is preceded by 

 the conjunctive pronouns mi, ft, etc., and loses its characteristic of 

 impersonal by agreeing in number with the noun that follows, as, mi 

 bi-sd-gna da-nd-ro, I want money ; ci bi-so-gne-rd da-nd-ro, you will want, 

 need, or require money; mi bi-sd-gno-no da-nd-ri, I want money; mi 

 bi-sd-gna-no cen-to fio-ri-ni, I want a hundred florins ; ti b/-sd- gna-no 

 po-chi li-bri, thou wantest a few books, etc. 



t PioDe'tte is another form for this tense, which, though regular, is 

 much more frequent in conversation than in boo!;s. 



J Impersonal verbs relating to the weather may take either avere 

 or essere in their compound tenses, and it is therefore allowable to say, 

 e piovuto or ha piovuto, it has rained. Some grammarians, however, 

 require the exclusive use of the au-xiliary essere for the compound 

 tenses of all impersonal verbs. 



