LESSONS IN ITALIAN. 



which .'tiller _>, .-m tho accusative COM (M, 4-*jl\ha trrit- 

 Ut-tc-rn, he baa written many letter*; not ab-bid-nw 



'i, we have sold the horses), or which, governing no 



acouHativu, require a supplementary word in tho genitive, dative, 



or ablative case, to complete their meaning (an, par-ld-va di 



' lie apoko of aoveral affairs; il ya-lunt-uo-mo 



non nin'i-ea a nes-tu-no, the honeat man doea harm to nobody ; 



in<i-dre, thia depend* npon the mother), 



take tho auxiliary re-re in thuir oompoand tendon. Of neater 

 verbs, on tho other hand, aomo take mere, aome avere, and 

 aome both thoso anxiliarioH, in their oompound tenaea. With 

 regard to them, in porhapx tho moat oaaoa, the following rule 

 will pn>vr to bo correct. When th- purtiriplu of a neuter verb 

 can bo joined to a noun, it takes ettere : for example, it i* n- 

 oeaaary to Bay, f~o $<>-n I have fallen ; i'1-la d mf>r-ta, 



ahe has died ; because it ia allowable to say, un uf>-mo 

 a fulltm man ; -nu cU'n-na m6r-ta, a dead woman. I3ut whon 

 tho pnrtii-iplo cannot bo joined to a noun, the neuter verb must 

 be conjugated by avere : for example, we must Bay, <-o M dor- 

 m(-to, I havo slept ; < ; l-la ha tre-md-to, ahe haa trembled; be- 

 cause wo cnnnot say, un u6-mo dor-mi-to, a slept man ; u-na 

 a tromblod woman. Use, however, will bo 

 the best and safest guide in those cases. Neuter verbs which, 

 in Knjrli-h as well as in Italian, require tho auxiliary avere, to 

 have, are tho following : 



Dormire, to stop. 

 Bore, to drink. 

 Pranzare, to dine. 

 Ceuare, to eat supper. 

 Bfdere, to l<iu : //i. 

 PUgnere, to nhed tears, 

 Giocare, to pla>j. 



Ho dormito, I havo sUpt. 

 Ho beTuto, I have drunk. 

 Ho pranzato, I have dined. 

 Ho cenato, I have eaten rupptr. 

 H6 rlso, I have laughed. 

 H6 pianto, I nave thed teart. 

 Ho giocato, I have played. 



Besides these thore are a great many others. 



Neuter verbs requiring essere for their compound tenses, prin- 

 cipally are those which denote motion, or some change which 

 allows tho subject to be considered in a passive state: for 

 example : 



Andtire, to go. 



Apporire, to appear. 



Arriviire, to amve. 



Ascendere, to ascend. 



Cadt ! re, to /all. 



Calare, to go dotrn. 



Couvenire, to agree. 



Crt'scere, to grow. 



Decaddre, to decay. 



Divenire, diveiitare, to become. 



Eutnire, to come in. 



Giugnere, to arrive at. 



Impallidire, to get pale. 



Impazziro, to go mad. 



lutorvenire, to intervene. 



Morire, trapossare, to die. 



Nascere, to orijiiwtc, arise, be born. 



Part ire, to set out. 



Passure, to pass. 



Perire, to perish. 



Pervenire, to attain to, arrive at. 



Resfeire, to be left. 



Kinianore, to stay, remain behind. 



Bitoruurc, riveuire, to return, come 



again. 



Salire, to ascend, mount. 

 Scappare, to escape. 

 Sc<?ndere, to descend, come or go 



down. 



Smarrire, to go astray. 

 Soprogiugnere, to supervene, luippen 



Sortire, to sally, make a. sortie, to 



go out. 



Stare, to stand. 

 Tornare, to return, begin or become 



again, turn, turn out. 

 Venire, to come. 

 Uscire, to go or come out. 



There are a groat many more, though the above-mentioned are 

 the principal. 



The past participle of neuter verbs conjugated by essere must 

 agree in number and gender with the subject or nominative to 

 which it relates : for example : 



Souo andato. 



,, apparso. 



,, arrivato. 



,, osce'so. 



cadiito. 



calato. 



,, conveniito. 



cresciuto. 



,, decaduto. 



divcuuto, diventato. 



,. eutnito. 



piuuto. 



,, impallidito. 



inpazzito. 



,, intervcuiito. 



morto, trapassato. 



nato. 



partito. 



,, passato. 



,, peri to. 



perveniito. 



restate. 



,, rimisto or rimaso. 



ritornato, livenuto. 



salito. 



scappato. 



BCOSO. 



smarrito. 



sopragiunto. 



sortito. 



, . Btito. 



tomato. 



,, veuuto. 

 usclto. 



IA iu midr* * rnArU. KU .uXJur Jwu 4wd. 



Le d6ui mJtto aad*U a e*-a, ma f U oAmlnl ateo raatiti. UM WMM 



Ka yon* kom, bl th m** !M>M rwnn*l. 

 n lio i rriito, U niiMU I arriviU, tatti a^oo arriviti, tt* Ml< ku 



arrived, tlu MMM Ku arrittd. aU aww arrived. 

 C TeuiiU la dl Lei llUdfaf luu your motker eomtf 

 Quindo uuo UM(U 1 di Li-1 frtIU t wkt did yonr tot*** o ult 



The participla, howerer, of Motor Trba oonjugEtad bjr otww 

 remaina unchanged. 



Neater verbs conjugated by both ettere and avn are 

 Cammln&ra, to travel, walk. 80o and b6 eainmtnito. 



re, to run. ,, biftirao. 



Dimorara, to <tte*U, ttay. h <i . .' i , 



Puggire, to Jit. XKI. nmoway. ,. 

 Vlvon.. to liw. .. "to. iftt<>. 



It ia almoat aaperfloona to remark that neuter verba reqairing 

 tho auxiliary euere, when they take a reflective form and mean- 

 ing, mittt, for thin additional reaaon, retain it in their oompoand 

 tenses: for example, tono andato, 1 have gone, and me M 

 $ono andato, I have gone away ; tono tmarrito and m* tono 

 tmarrito, I have loat my way ; et*i tono partiti and em fi *mo 

 partiti, they have started or set out. Bat neater verba eon* 

 jugated by avere must drop this auxiliary and take MCTW when* 

 ever, with conjunctive pronouns, they become reflective verba : 

 for example, rl-de-re, to laugh, haa M ri-to, I have laughed: 

 while ri-der-ti di u-no, to laugh at one, baa mi J-tu> ri-to di lui, 

 I have laughed at him; ta-oi-re, to be silent or bold one'a 

 tongue, has ho ta-ciu-to; while ta-ctfr-ri, meaning the name, 

 has mi to-no ta-cin-to ; tba-glia-re, to mistake or be miatakea, 

 has hu sl><i-<jli>L-tu ; whi o sba-glidr-ri, aUo meaning the aame, 

 has mi 6-no sba-glid-to. 



VOCABULABT. 



-4Wto, coat, dreaa. 

 .ddoprare, to uae, em- , 



ploy. 



Allegro, cheerful. 

 Alle settc, at seven 



o'clock. 



Allc tre, at three o'clock 

 jlprire, to open. 

 Bocca, mouth. 

 JJornu, purse. 

 Braccio (pi. b/accia), 



arm, cubit. 

 Camera, chamber, 



room. 

 Canzone, song, ballad. 



, to prattle. 

 Comandare, to 



maud, order. 

 Contenere, to contain, 



hold. 



Costare, to cost. 

 Dormire, to sleep. 

 Faneiullo, young child, 



little boy. 

 Gli uni gli altri, some 



and others. 



to win, 

 gain. 



Guanto, glove. 



Imparare, to lean. 



Leziont, lesion. 



Lodare, to praise. 



Loro, their. 



Jfaestro, master, 

 teacher. 



Ifano, hand. 



Jfcntrechi, while, 

 whilst. 



3lerit*re, to merit, de- 

 serve. 



Jf onef a d' oro, gold coin. 



Non niente, nothing. 

 com- \uooo, new. 



I Ordinariamente, 

 usually. 



Pnjo, pair, couple. 



Panno, cloth, woollen 

 cloth. 



Pareceni, -cni*. aevenl. 

 Parlare, to speak, talk. 

 Passeggiare, to take a 

 walk. 



PercU, because, for, 



why? 



Ptrdtrt, to lose. 

 Pvjro, idle. 

 Proiuir*, to dine, 

 Quando, when. 

 Quanta, how much. 

 Ragatto, rayaiza, boy, 



girl. 

 Raramente, rarely, 



seldom. 

 K<car, to bring, fetch, 



carry. 



Reg-)la, rule. 

 RiJUttere, to reflect. 

 Riyetere, to repeat, aay 



over again. 

 Suonare, to play upon, 



sound. 

 Tanto Umpo quanta, 



(as) so long aa. 

 Tard.1 re, to tarry, delay. 

 1 Trocar*, to find. 

 L'biidire, to obey, be 



obedient. 

 I Yecchio, old 



EXEBCISE 40. ITALIAN-ENGLISH.* 



1. I'-o pas-seg-gio 6-gni gior-no al-le set-te. 2. Tu non im- 

 pa-ri nien-te, tn se-i pi-gro ; ma tii-a so-rol-la im-pa-ra aom-pre 

 be-ne le re-go-le. 3. Quan-to c6-sta un pa-jo di guan-ti ? ^ 4. 

 Que-sti guan-ti c6-sta-no du-e scel-li-ni. 5. Vi h6 co-man-da-to 

 di re-car-mi il mi-o li-bro fran-oe-se, per-che tar-di-te v6i ? 6. 

 Fi-gli ub-bi-dien-ti me-ri-ta-no 1' a- ; nu-re de' 16-ro ge-ni-td-ri. 

 II fan*ciul-lo ri-flot-te n-ra- nien-te. 8. Gli u-ni per-do-no, gli 

 al-tri gua-da-gna-no. 9. vjoj*-^ ra-gaa-zi ri-pe-to-no la 16-ro 

 le-zio-ne, men-tre-che que-efce ra-gaz-ze ciar-la-no. 10. I vAc-chj 

 non d6r-mo-no or-di-na-ria-men-te tan-to Wm-po, qnin-to i fan- 

 ciul-li. 11. Gl* In-gle-si a-pro-no ap-y6-na la booca, quan-do 

 pdr-la-no. 12. An-to-nio ha tro-va-to u-na Wr-sa che con-te- 

 ne-va pa-rec-chie mo-ne-te d' 6-ro. 13. A-do-pra-i p^r queat' 

 a-bi-to quat-tro bnic-cia di pan-no. 14. Tu s^-i al-le-gro, per-chi 

 il mao-atro ti lo-diV 15. Suo-n:-i jc-ri il pia-no-fAr-te, e mi- 

 so-rel-la can-tu u-na nna-va can-zo-ne. 16. Lo tro-vam-mo nel-la 

 si'i-:i r:i-me-ra con un li-bro in ma-no. 17. I mie-i cu-gi-ni pran- 

 za-ro-no al-le tre, per-che f u-ro-no al oon-cer-to. 



Moat of the irregular verba have been employ** o* 1 ! 

 regular tenaea. 



