380 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XLI. 



DEVIATIONS. 



SPECIAL PECULIARITIES IN THE FORMATION OF SOME VERBS, 

 BOTH PURE AND IMPURE - STRENGTHENED STEMS. 



VERT many active verbs form the future with the middle form, 

 as aKovia, I fear, fut. aKOvo~ofj.ai, aor. -riKovcra ; ajravrata, I meet 

 with, fut. airavTTjo'Ofj.ai, aor. airyvrriffa ; aTro\avta, J enjoy, fut. 

 airoAatxrojuai, aor. <nreAau<ra, etc. 



The following 1 verbs in aico and tea, whose stem originally 

 ended in an and ev, resume the av and tv in the aorist and 

 future, and partly also in the perfect : 

 Kami, I turn, fut. Kavcrta, aor. tKavtra, perf. KKO.VKO., perf. pass. 



KtKav/j.a.L, aor. pass. tKavQrjv, fut. pass. Kav6r)ffo/j.ai. 

 K\aita, I weep, fut. K\av<rofj.ai or K\avffov/j.ai, aor. eKAaucra. 

 0*o>, I run, fut. 6ev<ro/j,ai or 6fvffov/j.ai (the other tenses are 



wanting, many being supplied from the verb rpf^ce, which 



is itself imperfect, and has to be supplemented from other 



sources. 

 vt<a, I swim, fut. vfvffo/j.a.1 or vfvffov/j.ai, aor. tvevcra, perf. 



vtvtvica. 

 ir\fta, I sail, fut. irAet/tro/uai, commonly irAeuo-oD/uoi, aor. 



(ir\fvffa, perf. TrtirAfu/co, perf. pass. ireirAefcr/uai, aor. pass. 



fir\fVff0T)v. 

 irvfia, I breathe, blow, fut. irvtvcro/j-ai or irvfvo'ov/j.a.i, aor. 



tirvfvo~a, perf. irttrvfVKa, perf. pass, ireTn/efcr/uai, aor. pass. 



firvfvo~6r]i>. 



Remark that pfta, I flow, has fut. ptbjo-OjUaj, aor. epptiTjj/ 

 perf. (ppvriKa. Also that x W > -^ J>owr out, deviates from the 

 foregoing fut. occasionally being x<> though more frequently 

 Xfvcrw, aor. *x fa > perf- Kfxvxa, fut. mid. x fo f JLat > aor - mid. 

 fXtaw, perf. mid. or pass. Kex c M"> aor - pass. txvOi)v, fut. 

 pass. x v ^~n ff P- al - 



The following verbs, in addition to the .common future in 

 iro/j.ai, have a form in arov/j.ai. This circumflexed future is called 

 the Doric : 



$fvy-u, I flee, fut. tpevovfj.ai, also <ptvofj,at. 

 irai-ca, I play, fut. waifoC/uai, also 7rai|o/uai. 

 u, I fall, fut. ireirou/xaj. 



The verbs icAatw, TTAJCO, wy* ai, vt<a, and 0oi, given above, employ 

 this form of the future. 



The following pure and impure verbs, which, by the as- 

 sumption 1 of an e as characteristic, pass into the analogy of 

 pure verbs in their transformations, have independent forms 

 for the subjunctive perfect and optative pluperfect, middle or 

 passive : 



i, I acquire; perf. KfKritfiai, I possess ; subj. KtKTwpat, 

 -TJ, -rj-rai ; plup. K KTTJ/U.TJI', I possessed ; opt. KfKTtf!fj,r]v, -cpo, 



-fro, Or KfKTT)/J.T]V, KfKTTIO, KKT7JTO. 



eo), I call ; perf. (ce/cArj/xai, I am called, I bear the name ; 

 plup. fK(K\7i(j.rjv, opt. KtK\rifJ.r)v, -yo, TITO. 



SYNCOPE AND METATHESIS. 



Some verbs, in some of their forms, throw out the stem- 

 vowel, which stands between two consonants. This ejection is 

 termed syncope. Thus tyt ipca, I awake, transitively (the aorist 

 is regular, as rjyftpa), perf. 1 fynytpua, I have awakened ; perf. 

 2 typyyopa, I am awake; plup. 2 typriyopttv, I awoke (intransi- 

 tive) ; aor. mid. rjypofj.iiv, J awoke (intransitive) ; irtrofiat, I fly, 

 fut. irTTjo'ojUGU, aor. cirro/j.r]v, inf. irrtaQai. 



By metathesis is meant the displacement of a vowel by a 

 liquid. Thus in reTjiTj/ca, / have cut, from r(/j.vu, the liquid /u 

 has taken the place of the vowel e, which is lengthened into TJ ; 

 so in im]<rofj.a.i, from Tero/iai, I fly ; and so in &e/3\r]ica., from 

 fioAAco, a? appears in tihese instances : 



a, I throw, fut. oA<, aor. /3a\ov (BAA), perf. 



perf. pass. jStjSATj/xat ; aor. pass. ejSAT^tji/, fut. pass. 



(rofj.a.1, fut. 3 &fp\T]0'o/j.cu. 

 , I tame, fut. 5ctpa.au, aor. fSafjuura (AM A), perf. 



5f5yU7jKa ; perf. pass. SfSyu^/xaj ; aor. pass. e5juT;07j', eSo/xTjc. 

 icaAea-, J call, fut. KaAcD, aor. fKa\ra, perf. Ke/cATj/cr? ; perf. pass. 



xe/cA?jjuai ; fut. 3 KKArj<ro/iai, aor. pass. KArj07jj/, fut. mid. 



/caAouyuai, aor. tKaXtffan^v. 

 Ka.fj.vta (Lat. laboro), I labour, I am in trouble, aor. 2 



fut. Kafj.ovft.at, perf. 



army, an expedi- 

 tion. 



2i/7Xo> (Lat. con- 

 fundo), I pour to- 

 gether, I put in 

 confusion. 

 , a sea- ; 2<a?pa, -as, 77 (our 

 sphere), a, ball, a 

 top. 



Ti/uoipia, -as, y, 

 punishment, re- 

 venge. 



rffj.vta, I cut, aor. 2 frtfj.ov, fut. r(/j.w, perf. TtT/tojKa ; mid. I 

 cut something for myself, perf. pass. T7>iT7/uai, aor. pass. 



fT/J.T)6-r]V, fut. 3 TfT[J,r)0~OfJ,at. 



VOCABULARY. 



'A/ua, at the same Kara/caico, I burn j Srparia, -as, rj, an. 



time, together down. 



with. KoAiros, -ov, 6, 



Ai/opTra^o), I snatch. bosom, gulf. 



A.vt/J.os, -ov, o, wind. Kpuajos, -a, -ov, Cri- 



At/pioz/, to-morrow. ssean. 



EKCCO (Lat. enato), I Nau/iaxia, -as, T) (mus 



swim out. and 



E;c7rAecc, I sail from, fight. 



I sail away. neAo7row>jo-<os, 6-, a 



EvavTtos, -a, -ov, op- Peloponnesian. 



posite. [believe. Titans, -ftas, TJ, faith, 



'H-yeojuai, I lead, I fidelity. 



EXERCISE 121. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. 'H a-Tovrio. anptov Kir\fuo~fTat (fKir\fvo~f?Tat). 2. Ai/e/uos 

 Boppas fvavrios TJJ ffrpana eiri/fvfffv. 3. Ej/ TTJ j/auyitax<a rr> tv 

 KO\TTtf Kptffataj ol nt\oirovvT)fftot avSpas rtav A6r]vat<av a-rreKTftvar, 

 offot /XTJ ffvfv<rav avr<av- 4. 'O-rav ol iroAe/uiot TTJ TroAei TTATJ- 

 ffLafftanv, ol ffrpantaTat avapiraffavrts ra. oirAa Bfv<rvorat irpos ras 

 iruAas. 5. HoAAois /cat &o<pots av$pao~i KfK\avo~Tat "ravdpwjrtva, 

 ri/j.capiav rjyov/iifvois ftvai TOV fltov. 6. Ti's owe av /cAautreie TOI/ 

 <pi\ov arux 1 ?- 7. Ot TroAtraj rj\Tri(Tav TOVS TroAe/ujous <f>ew|?(r6ai. 



<5 Ka0' f)ft.as /3/os. 10. Oi iroA*/uoi ras TOIJ/ 'EAATjrw*' TO|IS 



EXERCISE 122. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. The army sailed away. 2. The army will sail away. 3. 

 The north wind blows against the army (expedition). 4. The 

 north wind blew against the expedition. 5. The soldiers 

 thought they should (to) run to the doors (inf. fut.). 6. You 

 weep for the unfortunate. 7. You will weep for the unfortu- 

 nate. 8. The foes will flee. 9. Keeping company with children, 

 thou wilt play. 10. Good men play, and are yet in earnest. 



11. The foes will put the ranks of the soldiers into confusion. 



12. The city has been burned down by the enemy. 13. The 

 soldiers think that the enemy will burn down the city. 



VERBS IN CD WITH THE PRESENT STEM STRENGTHENED. 



We have already seen that the present stem of several verbs 

 is strengthened ; which strengthening, however, does not extend 

 beyond the present and imperfect. Besides the strengthening 

 by a consonant, and the lengthening of the stem-vowel, there 

 are others which must now be set forth. 



I. Verbs whose Pure Stem in the Present and Imperfect is 



strengthened by the insertion of v before the termination. 

 Observe that &aiv<e lengthens the stem- vowel o into at ; t\awtt> > 

 a. into av ; and TTII/CO, i into I. 



(a) fiatvu, I step, I go, fut. /Srjo-o/xaj, perf. /Se/SrjKa, aor. f&riv ; 



passive in compounds, as irapaJ3atvouat, perf. pass, irapa- 

 /8j8d/uai, aor. pass, irapf&adrjv. 



(b) (\avvia, I drive (a chariot), fut. cAw, -as, -a, inf. t\av, aor. 



TjAao-a, perf. eATjAa/ca ; mid., J drive from me, repel, aor. 

 TjAaera/uTjj', perf. pass. eATjAd/tai, inf. ATjAa<r0ai, aor. pass. 



(c) trivia, I drink, fut. ino/uai, aor. tiriov, imperat. tuQi, fKitiBi, 



inf. TTieiv, part, nuav, perf. irtiroxca, perf. pass. Ttririi}fj.ai. 

 aor. firo6rjv. 



(d) rlvo>, I atone for, I pay for, fut. Tierce, aor. triffa, perf. re-riKa, 



perf. pass. TTi(r/uai, inf. T(T?<r6ai, aor. pass, tnadriv ; 

 mid. Tij/o,uai, I avenge, punish, rlffo/nai, tTlaa.fi.t\v. 



(e) <p6avu, I go before, I anticipate, fut. <p8r)ffofj.ai (more rarely 



tf>6atrta), aor. pdacra, and (rarely in prose) f<p0T)v and 

 pQafj.T)v, perf. t<pOat<a. 



Here belongs a verb whose pure stem ends in a consonant 



tiaKvta, I bite, aor. eSa/cov, fut. ST;|O/UOJ, perf. act. StSrixa ', perf. 

 pass. StSriyfj-ai, aor. pass. fSrixS'nv. 



II. Verbs whose Pure Stem in the Present and Imperfect is 

 strengthened by the introduction of the Syllable vt before 

 the termination. 



(a) Bv-vt-u>, I stop up, I fill up (construed with gen.), fut. j80o-w, 



