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THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



(3.) The ordinal number is placed before the noun : 

 La dixieme anmSe. The tenth year. 



(4.) It follows the words chapitre, livre, article, page, etc., 

 in the division of books, agreements, etc. : 



Livre Sixieme, chapitre dixieme. Sixth look, tenth chapter. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. L. 



THE VERBS HAVE, DO, WILL, SHALL, MAT, CAN, OUGHT, 

 MUST. 



To have, when uncombined with another verb, is formed as in 

 the paradigm exhibited below. It will be noticed that in its 

 uncombined form the verb to have denotes possession. In the 

 uncombined form of the verb the principal parts are have, 

 having, had. 



PARADIGM OP " TO HAVE." INDEPENDENT FORM. 



Present Tense. 

 8. 1. 1 have. P. 1. "We have. 



2. Thou hast. 2. You have. 



3. He has. 3. They have. 



Post Tense. 

 S. 1. 1 had. P. 1. We had. 



2. Thou hadst. 2. You had. 



3. He had. 3. They had. 



Infinitive, to have; present participle, having; past parti- 

 ciple, had. The dependent form is produced by simply prefix- 

 ing if to the parts. The elliptical form is produced by prefixing 

 if to the parts, and substituting have for hast and has. The 

 imperative form also ia produced by placing the pronouns of 

 the second person singular and plural after the form have. 



By repeating the word had another form or tense is produced, 

 which commonly bears the name of " the pluperfect tense." 



Tho pluperfect tense of have is, I had had, thou hadst had, 

 he had had, we had had, you had had, etc. 



Pluperfect properly means 'more than perfect. In reality this 

 form I had had denotes an action past in relation to another 

 past action. Let 



A (pluperfect), B (perfect), C (present), 



represent three distinct actions, of which C, now going on, is 

 called present ; B, over and gone, is in regard to C past ; and A, 

 over and gone in regard to B, is past to a past. The action C, 

 then, is in the present tense, B is in the perfect tense, and A ia 

 in the pluperfect tense. 



Thus, in the verb to have we find 



A SIMPLE STATE and A COMPOUND STATE. 



I had had. 

 I have, I had. I shall have. 



I shall have had. 



But to have performs also a combined office. Entering into 

 alliance with the past participle of the verb to be, it adds other 

 forms to the verb to be, thus : 



I have been, I had been, having been. 



Instead of the participle been, we might employ the past par- 

 ticiple had, and then we obtain this form : 



I have had, I had had, having had. 



Now the compound forms "I have been," "I have had," 

 viewed etymologically, are very curious. " I have been," is I 

 hold, I possess the fact of being in past time ; in the past I was, 

 and that was is still in my hands. So " I have had " is the 

 same as I had something in past time, and have or hold that 

 something still. But " I had had " means that the thing which 

 I possessed in past time I possessed before that past began to 

 be ; as 



I had already had my supper when your father entered. 



The verb to have combines with verbs in general, thus : 



I have touched, I had touched, having touched, having been touched. 



Had, the past tense of to have, is sometimes used to express 

 a desire or a condition ; as 



" If the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon." (Luke 

 xii. 3). 



Standing by itself, the verb to do has a very comprehensive 

 signification. 



Do becomes did in the past tense. 



Do is also employed in combination. In combination, do 

 slightly varies in form from do as uncombined, thus : 



DO UNCOMBINED. 



S. I do. PI. We do. 



Thou doest. You do. 



He does or doeth. They do. 



DO COMBUSTED. 



S. I do love. PI. We do love. 

 Thou dost love. You do love. 

 He does love. They do love. 



In combination do is a very useful verb. Do placed before a 

 word of general import, produces what may bo termed the em- 

 phatic form, as I do love, I did love. This form is found only 

 in the present tense and in the past tense. Do also before the 

 verb, but with the pronoun after itself, produces the interroga- 

 tive form, as, do I love ? did I love ? By the introduction of not 

 we obtain the emphatic negative and the emphatic interrogative. 

 Another form may be called the substitutional, namely, that in 

 which do stands as a substitute for a verb immediately pre- 

 ceding, as, " do you love learning? " "I do." Thus we have 

 the ensuing forms : 



The Emphatic Affirmative. I do love learning. 



The Emphatic Negative. I do not love learning 1 . 



The Interrogative. Do you love learning ? 



The Emphatic Interrogative. Do you not love learning ? 



Tlie Sulstitutional, Do you love learning ? 1 do; I do not. 



I may exhibit these forms with the verb touch : for example 



I do touch ; I do not touch ; do I touch ? do I not touch ? you 

 touch, but I do not. So I did touch, etc. 



In the passive, the emphasis is given by accent that is, the 

 stress of the voice is thrown on the emphatic or important 

 words : for example, " You are touched.' ' " No ! I am not 

 touched; are you touched ? " "Yes, I am touched." The em- 

 phasis may be varied according to the sense. 



Shall and will are two verbs which are of great service in the 

 English language. How to employ them correctly is often found 

 a great difficulty with people who are not English by birth, and 

 even in England their use is somewhat variable. 



Shall comes from the German sollen, which denotes duty^ 

 obligation, or necessity, as depending on the will of another. 

 Will comes from the German wollen, which denotes determina- 

 tion depending on your own will ; as 



" The wise s7mll inherit glory, but shame s7mll be the promotion of 

 fools." (Prov. iii. 35.) 



' His enemies will I clothe with shame, but upon himself shall his 

 cro vu flourish." (Psalm cxxxii. 18.) 



A more or less marked reference to these distinctive meanings 

 runs through the application of these words. Let us take a few 

 instances : 



I shall go. Thou shalt go. 



I will go. Thou wilt go. 



When a person says " I shall go home this evening," he an- 

 nounces a future event as a matter settled and fixed by con- 

 siderations independently of himself ; but when he declares " I 

 will go homo this evening," he speaks of a future event as 

 having its cause and its accomplishment in his own mind. 



" Thou shalt go " announces my resolution ; " thou wilt go,'* 

 declares thine. 



I shall now give some instances of the use of shall and 

 will, to which the student should pay close attention. 



Will, when it signifies strictly to determine, may stand by 

 itself, and is formed rather differently from will when used in. 

 combination; as 



Will UNCOMBINED. 



I will. We will. 



Thou wiliest. You will. 

 He wills. They will. 



Will COMBINED. 



I will read. We will read. 



Thou wilt read. You will read. 

 He will read. They will read. 



The uncombined form is, the student will see, the ordinary 

 form, as, thou touchesf, ho touches. 



This uncombined form must not be confounded with the 

 elliptical form ; as 



" Will he go ? " Answer, " He will." 



That is, "he will go," the elliptical word, or the word omitted, 

 being go. Shall is occasionally employed in the same or a- 

 similar manner ; as 



"He will not go." " But he shall." 



Will has a past form, namely, ivould ; and shall has a past 

 form, namely, should. Would and should retain the meanings 

 of their primitives will and shall. But those meanings undergo 

 modifications. I give some examples : 



Would DENOTING WILLINGNESS. I would come to you, if I could. 



Should DENOTING DuTT. I should study more diligently, but I am idle. 



