394 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



FOSSILS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LIAS FORMATION 

 OF THE JURASSIC PERIOD. 



Those at the beginning are found at the base of the divisions. 



Brac/uopodo. Terebratula numismalis, punctata; Rhynconella tetra- 



hedra ; Spirifer rostratus ; Discina reflexa. 

 Conchifera. Gryphcea incurva, cymbiuin, depressa; Ostrsea laeviuscula; 



Gervilia Isevis, crassa ; Pecten sublaavis, cinctus ; Pholadomya 



ambigua ; Lima gigantea ; Cardium multicostatum ; Modiola 



minima. 

 Cephalopoda. Belemnites acutus, compressus. etc. ; Nautilus striatus, 



annularis, etc. ; Ammonites planicostatus, margaritatus, aculeatus, 



annulatus, bisulcatus, sulcatus, etc. 

 Gasteropoda. Trochus imbricatus; Turbo capitaneus; Pleurotomaria 



compressa. 

 Ecliinodermata. Uraster Gaveyi ; Aspidura loricata ; Astropecten 



arenicolus ; Extracrinus briareus ; Pentacrinus basaltiformis. 

 Crustacea. Coleia antiqua ; Glyphea liassina. 

 Insccta. Berosus ; Libellula dislocata. 

 Fish. .iEchmodus angulifer, speciosus, etc. ; Acrodus nobilis ; Eugna- 



thus fasciculatus ; Hybodus carinatus ; Leptolepis caudalis ; 



Lepidotus flmbriatus. 

 Reptiles. Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pterodactylus, Teleosaurus. 



LESSONS IN SPANISH. XIII. 



REFLECTIVE VERBS. 



THOSE verbs are called reflective or reciprocal which reflect the 

 action they express on their nominative ; as, yo me desiiudo, or 

 me desnudo, I undress myself ; el se ahorco, or se ahorco, lie 

 hung himself; nosdtros nos amamos, ive love ourselves, or we 

 love each other. 



The reflective verbs are inflected in the same manner as the 

 verb would be conjugated if it were employed without the 

 reflective pronouns. The verb ahorcar is thus conjugated 

 reflectively : 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



SIMPLE TENSES. 



Present. Ahorcarse, to liang one's 



self. 

 Present Gerund. Ahorciindose, 



hanging one's self. 

 Past Participle. Ahorcado, hung 



one's self. . 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



Post. Haberse ahorcado, to have 



hung one's self. 

 Past Gerund.. Habie'ndose ahor- 



cado, having hung one's self. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Present. 

 Sing. Me ahorco, I Jiang myself. 



Te ahorcas. 



Se aliorca. 

 Plur. Nos ahorcamos. 



Os ahorcais. 



Se ahorcan. 



Perfect Indefinite. 

 Sing. Me he ahorcado, I have hung 



Te has ahorcado. [myself. 



Se ha ahorcado. 

 Plur. Nos hemos ahorcado. 



Os habeis ahorcado. 



Se Iran ahorcado. 



And thus through all the moods and tenses. 



It must not be forgotten that the reflective pronouns are 

 always in the objective case, and governed by the verb which 

 comes after them or to which they are joined (for they are 

 always joined to infinitives, gerunds, and imperatives). The 

 nominative personal pronouns are not generally used. 



THE PASSIVE VERB. 



A passive verb is conjugated by adding to the auxiliary verb 

 se?', through all its moods and tenses, the past participle of the 

 verb to be conjugated. The participle in such a case is inflected 

 by gender and number like an adjective ; thus to say, Tie is 

 loved, she is loved, they are loved (masc.), they are loved (fern.), 

 would be el es amado, ella es amada, ellos son amados, ellas 

 son amadas. 



The passive verb formed by ser is used in Spanish in the 

 present and imperfect tenses of the indicative mood only when 

 a mental act or state of the emotions is spoken of ; thus we can 

 say, ella es amada, she is loved; but we cannot say, ella es 

 hallada, she is found ; since, in the latter case, no state of mind 

 or feelings is described, and the perfect indefinite tense must be 

 employed ; thus, ella ha sido hallada, she has been found. For 

 the past tense of the indicative, when no state or act of the 

 mind is spoken of, the perfect definite must be used ; as, la casa 

 fue (not era) qnemada, the house was burnt. 



The passive verb ser hallado is thus conjugated : 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



SIMPLE TEKSES. 



Present. Ser hallado, to be found. 

 Present Gerund. Siendo hallado, 



being found, 

 Past Participle. Sido hallado,* 



been found. 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



Post. Haber sido hallado, to have 



been found. 

 Past Gerund. Habiendo sido hai- 



lado, having been found. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Present. 

 Sing. Soy hallado, I am found. 



Eres hallado. 



Es hallado. 

 Plur. Soinos hallados. 



Sois hallados. 



Son hallados. 



Imperfect. 

 Sing. Era hallado, I was found. 



Eras hallado. 



Era hallado. 

 Plur. firamos hallados. 



Erais hallados. 



Eran hallados. 



Perfect Definite. 

 Sing. Fin hallado, I wos/ound, 



Fuiste hallado. 



Fue hallado. 

 Plur. Fm'mos hallados. 



Fufsteis hallados. 



Fueron hallados. 



First Future. 

 Sing. Sere hallado, I shall or will be 



Senis hallado. [found. 



Sera hallado. 

 Plur. Sereinos hallados. 



Sereis hallados. 



Seran hallados. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Sing. Sea yo hallado, let me be found. 

 S6 tu hallado, be thou found. 

 Se"a el hallado. 



Plur. Seamos nosotros hallados. 

 Sed vosotros hallados. 

 Sean elloa hallados. 



Present. 

 Sing. Sea hallado, I may be found. 



Seas hallado. 



Sea hallado. 

 Plur. Seamos hallados. 



Seais hallados. 



Sean hallados. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Plur. Fueramos, seriamos, fue'se- 

 mos hallados. 



Fue'rais, seriais, fueseis 

 hallados. 



Fueran, serian, fuesen 

 hallados. 



Imperfect. 



Sing. Fuera, sen'a, fuese hallado, I 

 tcould, should, might be found. 

 Fueras, serias, fueses hallado. 

 Fuera, seria, fuese hallado. 



First Future. 

 Sing. Si fuere hallado, if I should be 



Si fueres hallado. [found. 



Si fuere hallado. 

 Plur. Si fue'rernos hallados. 



Si fuereis hallados. 



Si fuereu hallados. 



The compound tenses of the passive verb are formed by the 

 several simple tenses of haber, and the passive past participle of 

 the verb to be conjugated ; as 



He sido hallado, I have been found. 



Habia sido hallado, I had been found. 



Habrd sido hallado, I shall have been found. 



Si hubiere sido hallado, if I should have been found. 



Se and the other personal pronouns of the first objective 

 case are often used in Spanish with neuter or active intransi- 

 tive verbs, and in such cases seem redundant in English ; as, V. 

 se burla, you jest ; mucho me alegro, I rejoice much ; se caera 

 vmd., you will fall. Those verbs designated with an asterisk 

 (*) in the vocabulary are thus used. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXERCISE 32. SPANISH-ENGLISH. 



1. f Corao se halla vmd. ? 2. Los abogados se portan mal. 3. Os 

 portais mal. 4. El carpintero se halla contento. 5. Pedro se alabo. 

 6. El general se armo. 7. Se salvaron. 8. Me escondf. 9. Nos 

 escondimos. 10. ; Ojala me hallase con ella ! 11. Tus amigos se 

 juntaran en Loudres. 12. Alabaos. 13. Armdmonos. 14. Armese 

 vmd. 15. Me alegro mucho. 16. Se acerca el invierno. 17. V. se 

 burla. 18. Pedro se queja. 19. <t De quie"n se quejan ? 20. Siempre 

 me levanto a las seis. 21. <; No se retiraria V. del paia? 22. Se 

 alegran. 23. Alegraos. 24. Aldgrense. 25. No se queje V. 26. No 

 nos metamos en los asuntos del juez. 



* Hallado means been found, as well as found, so that sido is not used 

 in forming the passive past participle. 



