406 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Get hoinme, quelle que fut sa 

 fortuue ou sou uu'ritu, no put 

 reussir dans ses eutreprises. 



BONIFACE. 



That man, whatever his fortune or 

 his merit might be, could not succeed 

 in his undertakings. 



2. Followed by a noun, object of a verb, it is then an adjec- 

 tive [ 31, (16.)], and agrees in number with that noun : 



Princes, quelques raisons que 

 vous puissiez me dire. EACINE. 



Princes, whatever reasons you, may 



3. Quelque followed by an adjective, a past participle, or an 

 adverb, is an adverb, and therefore invariable : 



Lea jeux de liasard, quelqvie 

 me'diocres qu'ils paraissent, sont 

 toujours chera et dangereux. 



MME. DE GENLIS. 



Games of chance, however trifling 

 then may seem, are always expensive 

 and dangerous. 



(2.) Meme is an adjective or an adverb : 



It is an adjective [ 31, (8.)] : 



1. When it precedes the noun, and means same: 



Vous retombez toujours dans 

 les memes alarmes. EACINE. 



You always fall into the same 

 apprehensions. 



2. W)>on it follows a noun or pronoun, and has the sense of 

 himself, nsrself, themselves, even, very, and cannot be turned 

 into de la me'me maniere, in the same manner : 



Les dieux eux-memes devinrent 

 jaloux des bergers. FEXELON. 



Ces murs memes, seigneur, 

 peuvent avoir des yeux. 



EACINE. 



The godo themselves became jealous 

 of the shepherds. 



These very walls, my lord, may 

 have eyes. 



(3.) It is an adverb, and therefore invariable, when it modifies 

 a verb, an adjective, or a participle. It has then the sense of 

 aussi, also, even; quoique, although; or de la m6me maniere, 



in the same manner : 



Frappez, Tyriens et me'me Is- 

 raelites. EACINE. 



Leurs vertus et meme lours 

 noms etaieut ignores. 



BERNAS.DIN DE ST. PIERRE. 



Exempts de maux reels les 

 homines s'en formeut meme de 

 chimcriques. 



Strike, Tyrians and Israelites also. 



Their virtues, as well as their 

 names, were unknown. 



When exempt from real mis/or- 

 t nuns, men create to themselves (even) 

 imaginary ones. 



(4.) We have seen that tout, when an adjective, that is, 

 when signifying every, all, is invariable [ 31, (19.), (20.)]. 



(5.) Tout, when it means entirely, quite, nothing but, is an 

 adverb, and, as such, invariable : 



Le lion est tout nerfs et muscles. 



BCFFON. 



II montra pour rimer des che- 

 inius tout nouveux. BOILEAU. 



Le chien est tout zele, tout 

 ardeur, tout obeissance. 



BUFFOS. 



(6.) However, when tout precedes an adjective or past parti- 

 ciple feminine beginning with a consonant or sounded h, it 

 agrees in gender and number : 



The lion is nothing but nerves and 

 muscles. 



He showed us, in poetry, paths 

 entirely neic. 



The dog is nothing but zeal, ar- 

 dour, and obedience. 



Les plaisanteries ne sont bouues 

 que quaud elles sont servies toutes 

 chaudes. VOLTAIRE. 



La vanito est sortie toute paree 

 de la tete des femmes conime 

 Minerve est sortie tout arme'e de 

 la tete de Jupiter. 



SAINT LAMBERT. 



Jofces are only good, when t7icy are 

 served up quite warm. 



Vanity issued quite adorned from 

 woman's head, as Minerva issued 

 quite armed from the head of Ju- 

 piter. 



95. THE PRONOUN. PLACE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS 

 USED AS SUBJECTS OF VERBS. 



(1.) Personal pronouns, used as subjects of verbs, are in 

 French, as well as in English, placed before them in affirmative 

 and negative sentences : 



J'inventai des couleurs, j'armai la 



calomnie, 

 J'interessai sa gloire ; 11 trembla 



pour sa vie. BACINE. 



I invented colours, I armed 

 calumny, I touched his glory; he 

 trembled for his life. 



(2.) In affirmative or negative sentences commencing with 

 au moms, a peine, encore, peut-etre, en vain, du moins, com- 

 bien, etc., the pronoun subject may elegantly be placed after 

 the verb, although this construction is not imperative ; 



Peut-e"tre avez-VOUS raisou. 

 NoiiL. 



Peut-etre vous eutretiendrai- 

 je aussi de 1'astronomie. 



AIMK-MABTIN. 

 Combien (1'homme) perd-il de 



VO3UX, combieu fait-il de pas ! 



LA FONTAINE. 



Perhaps you are right. 



Perhaps I will converse with you 

 on astronomy. 



How many wishes he loses, how 

 many steps he takes! 



(3.) In exclamations, the pronoun subject is often placed 

 after the verb in French, as well as in English : 



Puisse-je de mes yeux y voir 

 tomber la foudre ! COKNEILLK. 



May I with my own eyes see the 

 thunder crush it. 



(4.) In interrogative sentences the pronoun subject is placed 

 immediately after the verb in the simple tenses, and between 

 the auxiliary and the participle in the compound : 



Oil suis-je ? qu'ai-je fait ? que 



dois-je faire encore ? 



Where am I f what have I done ? 

 what liave I yet to do 1 



(5.) In interrogative sentences with verbs having only one * 

 syllable, in the first person singular of the indicative present, 

 and with some verbs having more than one syllable, the pro- 

 noun je is not placed after the verb. In such case the sen- 

 tence is introduced by est-ce que, and the leading verb is used 

 affirmatively : 



Est-ce que je cours ? 



Est-ce que je dors ? 

 Est-ce que je compreuds ? 



Do I run 1 literally, Is it that I 

 run? 



Do I sleep ? 



Do I understand ? 



(6.) The same construction is admissible with all the persons 

 and tenses which may be used interrogatively. 



96. EEPETITION AND OMISSION OF THE PRONOUN 

 SUBJECT. 



(1.) It is proper to repeat the personal pronouns subjects je, 

 tu, il, elle, nous, vous, Us, elles, before every verb : 



Je lis, j'ecris, je me promene. 



I read, tcrite, and walk. 



(2.) The omission of the pronouns je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, 

 ils, elles, before the second or third verb of a sentence, is a 

 matter of choice, and subject to the following restrictions : 



These pronouns must be repeated : 



1 . When the first verb is in the negative and the second in 

 the affirmative : 



Je ne plie pas et je romps. 



I do not bend and I break. 



2. When the clauses are connected by conjunctions other 

 than et, and; ou, or; ni, nor; mais, but: 



NOUS de'testons les m^chants, 

 parce que UOUS les craiguons. 



We detest the wicked, because we 

 fear them. 



In any other case the pronoun subject may or may not be re- 

 peated, as shown in the following examples, in which it is 



Repeated. 

 Je veux qu'ou dise un jour aux 



peuples effrayes, 

 II fut des Juifs, 11 fut une inso- 



lente race. EACINE. 



I wish that they may one day say 

 to the frightened nations, there were 

 Jews, there was an insolent race. 



II s'^coute, 11 se plait, il s'ado- 

 nise, il s'aime. J. B. BOUSSEAU. 



He listens to himself, he pleases 

 himself, he adorns himself, he loves 

 himself. 



Omitted. 



II s'arrache les cheveux, se roule 

 sur le sable reproche aux Dieux 

 leur rigueur, appelle en vain a son 

 secours la cruelle mort. 



FENELON. 



Ho (Telemachus) tears his hair, 

 rolls on the sand, reproaches the 

 Gods with their rigour, and in vain 

 calls cruel Death to his aid. 

 L'Eternel est son noiu, le monde 



est son ouvrage, 

 II entend les soupirs de 1'humble 



qu'on outrage, 

 Juge tous les mortels avec dVgales 



lois, 



* We may say, however, SUiS-je? am I? ai-je ? have I? fais-je ? 

 dolmafce? dois-je? shoaildl? ought I? VOiS-je? do I see? vais-je ? 

 do I go? entends-je ? do I hear 1 



