LESSONS IN GERM 



11 



IXrUATIVK. 



1- en 



2 et, t 



.. 



1 tn 



PARTICIPLES. 



PrcwiU. 



-enb 





ge-en 



1 



2 

 3- 



1 

 2 



t 

 t 



en 

 et , t 

 n 



nnumvB. 



PABTKIPI.K3. 



Present. 



tnt> 



Perfect. 



ge-et or t 



Remark. Tho sign + in the table above is used as in Arith- 

 metic, i.e., to indicate that the parts tt -f t are to be united ; 

 as, ttt. 



76. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRECEDING TABLE. 



(i.) Observe, in tho table above, that the terminations in all 

 places, except tho imperfect of tho New form, are to be added 

 directly to tho root. In the place exceptod (imperfect of the 

 New form), there cornea between the root and the personal end- 

 ing a sort of tense-sign (et or t), which is not necessary to verbs 

 of tho Old form ; because in them the imperfect is made by 

 means of a change in the radical vowel. 



(2.) It may also be noticed that a characteristic difference in 

 form between tho indicative and tho subjunctive (third person 

 sing.), is that the former ends in et or t, the latter always in e ; 

 and that the personal ending in the first and third person sing. 

 of the imperfect of tho Old form is wholly omitted. 



(8.) It may further bo observed that the e in the terminations 

 tjt and et of the indicative is retained or omitted just according 

 to what is demanded by euphony. In the subjunctive, for the 

 most part, the full termination is preserved. 



(4.) For the same reason, also that is, for the sake of 

 euphony when the root of a verb ends in el or cr, the vowel e of 

 any termination beginning with that letter is commonly omitted ; 

 as, tyAmmtrn (not fi,amnurcn), to hammer; fanmictn (not fammclcii), 

 to collect. Sometimes, however, the e of the root is rejected ; 

 as, icb fammle (not famine h), I collect. 



77. VERBS OP THE OLD CONJUGATION. 

 (Commonly called Irregular Verbs.) 



(1.) In the Old Conjugation, the imperfect tense and tho per- 

 fect participle are distinguished from the infinitive chiefly by a 

 change of the i-adical vowels. Thus, in some verbs, a different 

 radical vowel is found in each of those three parts. 



Infinitive. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. 



SBitten, beg ; bat, begged ; gebetcn, begged. 



J&elfen, help ; Balf, helped ; gcfiolfcn, helped, 



inncn, reflect ; faun, reflected ; gtfimntn, reflected. 



Srinfcn. drink tvauf, drank ; getritnfcn, drunk. 



When in tho course of tho changes noted in the text above, a 

 long vowel or diphthong becomes short, tho final consonant of 

 the root is doubled ; as 



jRciten, to ride ; vitt, rode ; geritten, ridden. 



Seiten, to suffer ; litt, suffered ; gelitten, suffered. 



In the case of Ceiten, noto also that b is changed into its 

 cognate t. When, on tho other hand, a short vowel is thus 

 made long, tho second of two radical consonants is omitted : 

 SBttten, to beg ; bat, begged ; gebeten, begged. 



Jtommen, to come ; fam, came ; gefommen, come. 



(2.) In some, the vowel or diphthong in tho imperfect and 

 the participle is tho same, but La different from that in the in- 

 finitive ; as 



Infinitive. 

 limmcn, glimmer; 

 eben, lift ; 

 SJttttn, suffer ; 

 augen, suck ; 

 >2ci)icbcn, shove ; 

 cbreiben, write ; 



Imperfect. 

 gfomm, glimmered ; 

 bob, lifted ; 

 litt, suffered ; 

 fog, sucked ; 

 fcfyob, shoved ; 

 ftyricb, wrote ; 



Perfect Participle. 

 gegfommen, glimmered, 

 gtbeben, lifted, 

 gettttcn, suffered, 

 gtfogtn, sucked. 

 gtfcJiebtn, shoved. 

 gtf<$rifbtn, written. 



(3.) In others, the vowel or diphthong of the infinitive i 

 changed in the imperfect, but resinned in the parti' 



ilHufen, blow (sound) 

 ffltbtn, give ; 

 $angtn, hang 5 

 Jtommen, come ; 

 gauftn, run ; 

 Scbafftn, create; 



Imperfect. 

 btitl, blew ; 

 a. .b, (,'ave ; 

 bino., hung ; 

 fam, came ; 

 tiff, run ; 

 f$uf, created ; 



(4.) Besides the vowel changes indicated above, verb* of th* 

 ancient conjugation have the following characteristic*: 



(a.) The perfect participle ends in t n or n, and U thereby dis- 

 tinguished from that of the New Form ending in tt or t ; tho* : 



Perfect Participle 

 ejeWaffB, blown, 

 gtgtbf n, given. 

 gt bangt n, hang. 

 gefemmtn, come. 

 gtUuftn, ran. 

 ftttyafft*, created. 



OLD FORM. 



eb.otft n, helped ; from J&flftn. 

 fflefalKn, fallen ; from 8aUen. 

 etragen, borne; from Xragtn. 

 ebi<t c n, bidden ; from kitten. 



HEW FORM. 



t(obt, praised ; from 8obtn. 

 tlitbt, loved; from 8itbtn. 

 (Velabt, quickened; from fcabtn 

 (Mttaufrb t, exchanged; from Xau. 



fcbtn. 



(b.) Those having a in iho first person singular of the present 

 indicative, and in the participle, assume the Umlaut in tho tecond 

 and third persons ; thus 



INDICATIVE. Present. 



S.3cbfange. 



P. 



36r fcfclagt. 

 eit fc^lagtn. 



P. 2Bir fangen. &'.3c$ fe^fagt. 



3&r fangt. u fchUgfl. 



Grfangt. <ie fangen. j 5rfd;ldgt. 



(c.) Some verbs having t (long) in the first person singular of 

 the present indicative, take, in the second and third person, it ; 

 and some having e (short) take, in the same places, the vowel t 

 (short) ; and in both instances the imperative (second perton 

 singular) adopts the vowel-form of the second person of the 

 indicative ; thus 



INDICATIVE. Present. 



S. 3$ tt ft, I read. 

 S5u liefcft. 

 Gc lieft. 



P. 2Bir tcfcn. 

 3$t left. 

 <5te lefen. 



S. 3$ |c(ft, I help. P. 2Btr Btlfcn. 

 ub,ilf|t. 31jrbtlft. 



ffrb,ilft. it ^tlfen. 



IMPERATIVE. Present. 



S. ilf tu (for Bi(ft), help thou. 



tlfe tr, let him help. 

 P. tlfn tt.nr, let us help. 



fcelfet ifcr, help ye or you. 



$dfen fie, let them help. 



S. te fcu (for (tefe), read thou. 



Sefe tr, let him read. 

 P. Stftn n>ir, let us read. 



Sefct ifyr, read ye or you. 



Scfcn fit, let them read. 



The verbs that thus adopt the vowel-form of the second 

 person of the indicative lose also the characteristic t final ; 

 giving, aa above, litt, for liefe ; f)ilf, for bilft, etc. The unaccented t 

 final is, in other instances, also sometimes omitted. 



(d.) In the imperfect subjunctive the radical vowel, if it be 

 capable of it, assumes the Umlaut ; thus 



INDICATIVE. Imperfect. [ SUBJUNCTIVE. Imperfect. 

 S. 3$ fvrae$. P. SBir fpradfitn. j 8. 3$ frracfct. P. 2Bir frrtd)tn. 



