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THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



genitive, the dative, the accusative, the ablative. Here you see 

 in the Latin a great divergence from the English, in which the 

 object is always in the accusative or the objective (so called 

 from its being the case of the object) case. I subjoin instances 

 of each of these governments : 



VEKBS WITH THEIR GOVERNMENTS. 



1. The Object in the Genitive. Miserere mei, pity me. 



2. The Object in the Dative. Medetur OCULIS, he cures tha eyes. 



3. The Object in the Accusative. Docet PUEKOS, he teaches boys. 



4. The Object in the Ablative. Fungitur MUSERE, he performs (his) 

 duty. 



Some verbs have in the same sentence two governments ; 

 as in this example : 



Docet PUEROS MUSICAM, Tie teaches the boys music. 

 A verb may also have two objects in unlike cases ; as 

 Dat librum puero, he gives a book to the boy. 



Both librum and puero depend on dat, and consequently dat 

 is said to govern them. The general rule may be given in 

 these terms 



Transitive verbs in the active voice have two governments, the 

 near and the remote; the near is the accusative, the remote is 

 the dative. 



The same verb may govern two different cases ; as 



Sapiens eget nulla RE, the wise man wants nothing. 

 JEgrotus eget mediciuse, the sick man wants medicine. 



The verb eget takes, in one sentence, the ablative ; in another, 

 the genitive. These diversities of form generally involve some 

 diversity of signification. Egeo signifies to be without, not to 

 have ; also to need, to require. In the first sense egeo takes an 

 ablative : the ancient wise man could be without nothing, for 

 he possessed all things, inasmuch as he wanted (wished for) 

 nothing. The sick man, on the contrary, haa occasion for 

 medicine, inasmuch as he is sick. 



The two meanings are so much alike that they are sometimes 

 exchanged the one for the other ; thus wo may find medicina in 

 the ablative, and the genitive employed when the ablative might 

 have been expected. 



Having given a general view of the government of verbs, I 

 shall take up each case in succession ; and first, 



VERBS WHICH GOVERN THE GENITIVE. 



Verbs which denote an active or quiescent state of the feel- 

 ings require their object to be in the genitive case ; such as 

 misereor, miseresco ; as 



EOEUM MISERERI oportet, it is proper to pity them. 



Instead of a verb, you may have an adjective with est ; as 



Est PATIENS laboris, he is enduring of (he endures) labour. 



Certain impersonal verbs take a genitive together with an 

 accusative for their object ; as 



Piget ME STULTITI.E, I am ashamed of my folly. 



This, literally rendered, is, it shames me of my folty, showing 

 a compound object to the verb piget. 



A neuter pronoun, corresponding in relation with the noun 

 in the genitive, stands in the accusative ; as 



ID ne pudet te ? art thou, not ashamed of that ? 



Verbs which signify to remember and to forget, also to remind 

 and to admonish, take their object in the genitive. Such words 

 are memini, I remember ; reminiscor, I call to mind, ; recorder, I 

 recollect; obliviscor, I forget ; moneo, I put thee in mind ; ad- 

 moneo, I admonish; commoneo, J advise; commonefacio, I 

 warn; as- 

 Animus JIEMINIT PR.ETERITORUM, the mind remembers past things. 

 Similar in construction is the phrase " venit mihi in mentem 

 alicujus rei," literally, it comes to me into the mind of something, 

 that is, something occurs to me, is suggested to me. We also 

 read " venit ros in mentem," the thing comes to my mind. 



With verb=! of remembering and forgetting, the accusative is 

 found instead of the genitive ; as 



CINNAM MEMINI, Syllain vidi, I remember Cinna, I saw Sylla. 



This is specially the case if the object is a pronoun in the 

 neuter gender. Recorder, J call to inind, requires an accusa- 



tive. Becordor may also have after it the preposition de, with 

 its case. 



Instead of the simple verb, we may have its equivalent in an 

 adjective, and the copula est. Thus, instead of he forgets, we 

 may say, he is forgetful. Consequently, a number of adjectives 

 denoting states of mind are followed by the genitive ; as, 

 prudens (for providens), foreseeing, prudent ; gnarus, knowing; 

 peritus, skilful; conscius (knowing with), conscious, aware of; 

 rudis, destitute of, untrained; memor, mindful. 



Here we may place the phrase certiorem facere, to inform, 

 which has a genitive object ; as 



Certiorem ine fecit tui CONSILII, he informed me of thy plan. 



Some adjectives are denominated verbal, inasmuch as they 

 are derived from verbs, and have a verbal meaning; thus, edax, 

 from edo, I eat, signifies eating. Verbal adjectives in ax, as, 

 capax, edax, ferax, rapax, tenax, govern a genitive case ; as, 

 tenax propositi, firm to (his) purpose. Certain participles, also, 

 when used as adjectives, take a genitive as, amans patrise ; 

 appetens glorioe ; diligens veritatis ; metuens futuri ; sitiens 

 sanguinis. The participle differs from the adjective in this, 

 that while the participle denotes a single act, the adjective 

 denotes an habitual state. When, then, these participles are 

 used as participles, they require the government of the verbs 

 to which they belong. Sitiens, employed as an adjective, has 

 a genitive ; but when used as a participle, it governs an accu- 

 sative like its verb ; as 



Tiberius sitiens SANGUINEM, Sejanum interfici jussit. 



Tiberius, t)iirsti?ij for blood, commanded Scjanus to be put to death. 



Verbs which denote fulness, abundance, or want, take their 

 object in the genitive case. Adjectives of similar import govern 

 a genitive case ; as 



Adolescentem suoe TEMERITATIS implet. 

 He fills the youth with his own rashness. 



This is an instance of a verb with a double object, an accusa- 

 tive of the person, and a genitive of the thing. 



The verb potiri, to make yourself master of, takes the genitive 

 in the phrase rerum potiri, to seize the helm of government, 

 to obtain power over; though generally potiri requires the 

 ablative. 



Adjectives, too, denoting such a state of mind as is implied 

 in having power, possessing ability, or the reverse, take a 

 genitive after them. Hence arises combinations which the 

 student may be glad to see translated as, virtutis compos, 

 endued with virtue ; mentis impos, weak of (in) mind ; sui 

 potens, master of himself; exsors culpaa, free from blame ; 

 rationis particeps, sharing in the possession of reason; rationis 

 expers (ex and pars), having no part, no share, that is, devoid 

 of reason. 



The adjective proprius, denoting that which belongs or is 

 peculiar to a person, takes a noun after it in the genitive case ; 

 as in this example : 



VIRI FROPRIA est fortitudo, courage is a property of man. 



So proprium in the neuter is employed to designate the 

 special property of an object ; as 



Id est vitium SENECTUTIS PROPRIUM, this is the special fault of old age. 



By an ellipsis of proprius you may explain what is commonly 

 called the genitive of possession or quality ; as 



Hie liber FRATRIS mei est, this boofc is my brother's. 



VIUORUM FORTIUM est clolorem pati, to bear grief is the part of brave men. 

 Vir est SUMM.E PIETATIS, he is a man of the greatest piety. 



The quality is sometimes put in the ablative ; as 



Aristotolos vir erat SUMMO INGENIO. 

 Aristoteles was a man of the greatest ability. 



Allied with the usage of proprium is the phrase nostrum est, 

 vestrum est, meum est, etc. ; as 



NOSTRUM EST parentes aiar.ve. 

 It is our duty to love our parents. 



From the idea of partaking or sharing in anything seems to 

 have arisen the use of the genitive with the adjectives reus, 

 accused of; manifestus, proved guilty (Scotch, proven) ; noxius, 

 criminal, liable to punishment ; compertus, detected; as 



Manifestus est KERUM CAPITALIUM. 



He was clearly convicted of a capital crime. 



