LESSONS IN ETHNOLOGY. 





:, lives on in the modorn forms of Bpeeoh ain< 

 s, waa not, aa onu mi^lit hare conjectured, akin to 

 v, Arabic, or other lantnragoa of we-' but to 



iiml I-ntiii. In L808, a distinguished Gorman, Frederick 

 Schlogel, piililish say on tho Language and Philo- 



sophy < Ho showed that in comparing lan- 



guages, while rosfiublanoes in roots wore sought after, it was, 

 above all, important to traoo similarity of grammatical forms. 

 Adopting tho latter method, he completed tho great discovery 

 by our countrymen in the East namely, that Sanscrit, 

 IVr-Mii, Grook, Latin, and German were closely allied. 

 Other tongues have since been proved to belong to the same 

 great assemblage, and quite a flood of light has, in conse- 

 quence, boon thrown both 

 nn European and Asiatic 

 ethnology. An elaborate 

 work by Professor Bopp, 

 rendered accessible to Eng- 

 lish readers by Lieutenant 

 East wick' 8 translation, pub- 

 lished in London, in two 

 thick volumes, in 1845, and 

 entitled, " A Comparative 

 Grammar of the Sanscrit, 

 Zend,* Greek, Latin, Lithu- 

 anian, f Gothic, German, 

 and Sclavonic Languages," 

 shows, beyond the possi- 

 bility of future cavil, the 

 close affinity of these seem- 

 ingly diverse tongues. We 

 take from Professor Bopp's 

 work a few words and inflec- 

 tions fitted to make this 

 clear to every reader : 



Eng. Saiwcrit. Zend. Greek. 

 I'jire. dadami dadhami didomi 

 I am. asini uliuii ennui 

 He it. asti asbti esti 



Lulin. German. Lith. Old Sclav. 



do dumi damy. 



Bum im esmi ycsmy. 



est 1st esti ycsty. 



Hero is tho present tense 

 of the verb to be, as conju- 

 gated in the Sanscrit, Greek, 

 Lithuanian, and Sclavonic : 



SANSCRIT. GUUKK. 



Singular. 



1st Person. As-mi em-mi 



2nd A-si es-si 



3rd As-ti es-ti 



LITH. SCLAVONIC. 



Singular. 



1st Person . es-iui yes-my. 



2nd es-si ye-si. 



3rd es-ti yes-ty. 



SANSCRIT. 



Fig. 2. TYPE OF MONGOLIAN VARIETY 



i.i I.it}i:i:;:.i:ui, tnu>rn ; and in old Sclavonian, fya. 

 fustly, the races speaking these different tongues most be eloseljr 

 Hut limy it not be possible to take a step farther? ITw 

 < iothio may be oallod the parent of the Germanic tongues. 

 Similarly, may there not, among the cloiioly -allied language* 

 whoso names have been given above, be one of great antiquity, 

 from which all the rest sprang? It was once believed that 

 there was, and Sanscrit was assigned this honourable place; 

 but now it is hold that the parent language of all the tongue* 

 belonging to the family presently under consideration is ex- 

 tinct, and that Sanscrit is no more than the eldest child. Still, 

 Sanscrit conducts us a great way towards the parent tongue. 

 This can bo shown from the remarkable fact that there are 



words in the European lan- 

 guages which now give no 

 clue to their etymology so 

 long as we confine oureelve* 

 to Europe, but of which it 

 is easy to obtain the pri- 

 mitive meaning by turning 

 to Sanscrit. The familiar 

 word daughter is an instance 

 in point. Its etymology in 

 English cannot be pointed 

 out. Let us, therefore, turn 

 to other tongues. In old 

 High German the word is 

 fohtar; in Gothic, dauhtar ; 

 in Greek, thvgater ; none of 

 which, so far as we know, 

 give us the information we 

 seek. It is different with 

 the Sanscrit. In that lan- 

 guage daughter is duhitri, 

 which properly signifies 

 milk-maid, revealing the 

 interesting fact that in 

 remotely ancient times, I e- 

 fore the European and the 

 Brahman had separated 

 from each other, the milking- 

 of the cow was the depart- 

 ment of household duty 

 which daughters were ex- 

 pected to undertake. It ia 

 highly probable, if not even 

 certain, that in primeval 

 times there was a nation in 

 Central Asia, and apparently 

 somewhere on the great 

 Persian table-land, from 

 which came the ancestors of 

 the several European races, 

 and speaking a language 

 from which Sanscrit, Zend, 

 Sclavonian, Greek, Latin, 

 German, and Celtic ulti- 



GREEK. 

 Dual. 



LITHUANIAN. SCLAVONIC. 



1st Person 

 2nd 

 3rd 



1st Person 

 2nd 

 3rd , 



S-vas 



S-tlms 

 S-tas 



S-inas 

 S-tha 

 S-anti 



es-ton 

 es-ton 



Plural, 

 es-rnes 

 es-te 

 (s)-enti 



es-wa 

 es-ta 

 lilU the singular. 



es-mo 



es-te 



like the singular. 



yes-va. 

 yes-ta. 

 yes-ta. 



yes-my. 



yes-te. 



8-xity. 



The accusative of the first personal pronoun me is in Sanscrit 

 mdnt or viA ; in Zond, manm or m& ; in Greek, vne ; in Latin, 

 me i in Gothic, mik ; in Lithuanian, manen ; and in old Scla- 

 vonian, my a. Thee is in Sanscrit trdw or tv&; in Zend, 

 thwanm or t hwa ; in Greek, te ; in Latin, tc ; in Gothic, thtik ; 



* The Zend language was that of the ancient Zoroastrians. 



t Lithuania was the old name of a province, forming tho cast and 

 north-east part of Poland. With the exception of a fragment belonging 

 to Prussia, the whole is now under the swr.y of tii 



inately sprang. The nations 

 using these diverse tongues 

 were ranged by Blumenbach under his comprehensive division, 

 " Caucasians ; " but he associated with them others, which 

 upon the evidence of language have since proved to be totally 

 distinct. We refer to the Arabs, the Jews, the Syrians, 

 tho Phoenicians, and sundry allied peoples. It is necessary, 

 therefore, to give those two great sections of the Cauca- 

 sian race distinctive names. The first is sometimes called 

 the Indo-Germanic, but now more commonly the Indo- 

 European race, the name being designed to express the 

 fact that nations and tribes of mankind belonging to this 

 family are spread over all Europe and Asia aa far as India. 

 A shorter and neater term is now generally applied to 

 them, Aryans. The word Arya occurs both in the Hindoo and 

 in tho Persian sacred books. There was an old Median tribe, 

 called in Greek 'Aptot, which in English would be Arians ; but 

 that word being used by theologians in quite a different sense. 

 it is more convenient to spell the ethnological term, Aryans. 

 The old name of Persia was Iran, which is from the same root 

 as Arian or Aryan. Hence Prichard as we have seen, calls the 



