78 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XLIY. 



THE VERBS IN fJLt. 



THE chief peculiarity of the conjugation in fu consists in this, 

 that the verbs which belong to it, in the present, the imperfect, 

 and several in the second aorist active and middle also, take 

 special person-endings different from those of the conjugation 

 in ca, and in the indicative of the other tenses want the mood- 

 vowel. The formation of all the other tenses, with a few excep- 

 tions, coincides with the formation of the verbs in ce. 



Several verbs in /xi which have a monosyllabic stem, take in 

 the present and imperfect a reduplication, which consists in 

 this, that when the stem begins with a single consonant or a 

 mute and a liquid, the first consonant of the stem is repeated 

 with i, or if the stem begins with err, irr, or an aspirated vowel, 

 an aspirated t precedes the stem ; as - 



AO- Si-Sco-jiii, I give. XPA- Kt-xpTj-/*i, I lend. 



2TA- i-o-TTj-yiu, I place. 'E- 1-rt-fj.t, I send. 



DIVISION OF VERBS IN /J.I. 



The verbs in fj.t are divided into two chief classes : 



1. Such as append the person-endings immediately to the 

 stem-vowels. The stem of this class ends 



in a, as l-crrrj-/jii, I place; stem 2TA. 

 e, Tj-flTj-jUi, I set ; E. 



,, o, ., Se-Sca-pt, I give ; AO. 



,, i, ,, ct-jiu, I am going ; I. 



2. Those to whose stem the syllable vvv or vv is appended, 

 and which receive the person-endings at the end of this syllable. 

 The stem of the verbs of this class ends 



(a) In one of the three vowels a, e, o, and takes vvv ; as 



o- ffKeSa-vfv-fji.t, I scatter ; stem 2KEAA. 



e- Kope-vvv-fu, I satisfy ; KOPE. 



o- ffrpca-vi'v-/j.t, I spread out (strew) ; 2TPO. 



(b) In a consonant, and takes vv. 



In a mute, as 8etK-vv-/j.t, I show ; stem AEIK. 



In a liquid, as ofj.-vv-fn.t, I swear ; OM. 



Of this second class only the verb ff&e-vvv-ni (2BE), I extinguish, 

 forms the second aorist. 



1. THE FIRST CLASS OF THE VERBS IN fJil. 



In the active, the following are the terminations which mark 

 the persons : 



1. Person-Endings of the Indicative Present. 

 Sing. 1. fj.t as I-OTTJ-JUI. 



2. s t-ffrfj-s. 



3. ffi(y) l-ff-rr)-ffi. 

 Dual 2. rov l-ffra-rov. 



3. rov l-ffra-rov. 



Plur. 1. nef l-ffra-/j.ev. 



2. re 4-CTTO-T6. 



3. [vri, vffi(v)~\ [i-ara.-vri, l-ffra-vffi (v)~\. 



The termination of the third person plural, vfft, was changed 

 into tiff t, and then contracted with the foregoing stem- vowel of 

 the verb. The Attic dialect, however, admits the contraction 

 only in the stems which end in a ; thus, while from l-ffra-vffi 

 was formed l-crrafft 



rt-6t-vfft became rt-0etffi ; Attic rt-9e-ao~i. 



St-So-vfft St-Sovfft ; Si-So-affi. 



BeLK-vv-vffi ,, fietK-vvfft : ,. fietit-vv-afft. 



2. Person-endings of the Indicative Imperfect and Second Aorist. 



In the dual and plural of the optative imperfect the 77 is com- 

 monly dropped, and the termination of the third person plural, 

 r)<rav, is usually shortened into ev, as 



Tt6fi-7i/j.tv ri6et/j.ei'. Icrrai-rire tffraire. 



rt6ei-7)(rav = rtOetev. SiSoi-f](rav = Stfioiev. 



In the optative second aorist of the verbs i<rr7j,tu, T<%, 



Stoca/j.1, on the contrary, the shortened forms are very rare, 

 except the third person plural. 



Person-endings of the Imperative Present and Second Aorist. 

 Sing. 2. 6t. (l-o-ra-di) (n-Be-ri) (ot-oo-dt). 



3. rca. -ffra-rci), r -df-rca, Si-So-rca. 



Dual 2. rov. -ffra-rov, r -Qf-rov, St-So-rov. 



3. rcav. -ffra-rcav, r -de-rcav, St-So-rcav. 



Plur. 2. re. -ffra-re, r -6e-re, St-So-rf. 



3. rcaffav. -ffra-rcaffav r -6e-rcaffav St-So-rcairai> 

 or -ffra-vrcav, r -Qe-vrcav, St-So-vrcav. 



The second person singular imperative present throws away 

 the ending di, and in compensation the short characteristic 

 vowel is lengthened that is, a is changed into TJ, e into ci, o 

 into ov, and v into ; thus 



i-ffra-Qi becomes l-ffrrj. ri-Qf-n becomes ri-Qfi. 



The ending 61 in the present is preserved in only very fe-w 

 verbs. In the second aorist of rtdrj/jn, fij/u, and Stocafju, the 

 ending Ot has been softened into ff : thus, de-n becomes 9es ; 

 e-dt = es, So-Ot = Sos. In the second aorist of MTTTJ/JI, however, 

 the termination dt remains, thus, oTTj-0/. 



The termination of the infinitive in the present and second 

 aorist is vat. This syllable is in the present added to the short 

 characteristic vowel, but in the second aorist is lengthened, as 

 a into TJ, e into ei ; and o into ov. 



Present. l-o~ra-vat, rt-0e-vai, St-So-vat, SGIK-VV-VU.. 



Second Aor. <mj-i/cu, 6et-vat, Sov-vat. 

 The terminations of the participle in the present and second 

 aorists are vrs, vrffa, and vr, which unite with the characteristic 

 vowel according to the ordinary rules : 



t'ffra-vrs = l-ffrds, l-ffraffa, t-crrav. ffras, ffracra, ffrav. 



n-df-vrs = ri-deis, rt-Oetffa, ri-dtv. 6eis, Qfiffa, Otv. 



St-So-vrs = St-Sovs, ovffa, ov. oovs, Sovffa, Sov. 



SetK-vv-vrs = SetK-vvs, vffa., vi>. 



The person-endings of the middle voice coincide with those of 

 the verbs in to, only that in the second person singular indicative 

 and imperative of the present and imperfect they retain <ra.i and 

 ffo in their full forms ; yet erricr-rco, TjTnora) ; tivvca, rjSvvcc ; irpica, 

 eirptca, are the regular forms of good prose. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 



In the tense-formation of the entire active, as well as of the 

 middle future and first aorist, the short characteristic vowel is 

 lengthened a into TJ, e into TJ and into ei (in the perfect active 

 of Tj0Tj/ui and nj/ui)> also o into ca ; but is retained in the other 

 tenses of the middle and in all the tenses of the passive ca, 

 excepting the perfect and pluperfect of rtdri/j.i and njyiu, which 

 receive the et of the perfect active (reOetica, rfOeiftat, elxa, el^ai). 



The first aorist active and middle of rtdrjfj.i, nj/ui, and SiSca/u 

 have for their tense-characteristic not ff but K : 

 e-0Tj-K-a, Tj-/c-a, e-8a>-/c-a. 



The forms of the first aorist active, e0rj/ca, Tj/ca, and eSaiKc, 

 however, are used only in the indicative, and especially in the 

 singular; in the other persons commonly, and always in the 

 other moods and the participle, the forms of the second aorist 

 are employed. So instead of the forms of the first aorist middle 

 of n6ri/j.i, njjUt, and SiSca/j.i, those of the second aorist middle 

 are used. On the contrary, the indicative forms of the singular 

 second aorist of Ti0rjyiu, ITJ/J.I, and SiSco^ti (ed-T]v, yv, and eScav) are 

 not to be employed. 



The verb larv^i forms the first aorist active and middle like 

 the verbs in ca, with the tense-characteristic ff, as t-ar^-ff-a, 

 e-ffrti-a-ap-riv. The second aorist middle effra/j-yv is never used. 

 Some other verbs, however, have the form, as eTTTa/xTji/, eirpta/j,r]v. 



The second aorist passive and the second future passive are 

 wanting in these verbs ; also the third future, except in lffrri/j.1 



In regard to the signification of iVrTjyu:, observe that the pre- 

 sent, imperfect, future, and first aorist active have the transitive 

 import of to place. The second aorist, the perfect, and the plu- 

 perfect active, and the third future, on the contrary, have a 

 reflex or intransitive meaning, to place oneself, or to stand. 



2. THE SECOND CLASS OF THE VERBS IN /J.I. 



The tense-formation of the second class of the verbs in /ui ha? 

 no difficulty. After cutting off the termination vvvfju and VV/JLI, 

 add the tense-forms to the stem. The verbs in o -which lengthen 



