INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF <MM! 



:to 01 in tho present, retain the u in all the tenses, an 

 (TTpw-f^iJ-jui, fxa-vvv-fn, Ita-vvv-pi, xu-vvu-m ; future ffrpu-fftt, 

 HU-<T:V, iui-cru), \u-aw, and BO on. 



mis in :i liqui.l take for tho forma- 



:' some tenses a theme ending in a vowel, as o^-v\>-m, 

 i ii-o-<ra, from the thoino OMOn. Tho second aorist and 

 : future pasivo an- found in only a few vorba, as t\ry-vv- 

 K.I, aor. - pass. tfOyitv, fut. 2 pass. Qjyyffonui. 

 liEMAUKS ON TUB MODELS. 



In tl..' 'hul :in<l plural of the indicative, and in the other 

 and tho participle, for the first aorist active, tho second 

 active ia used. 

 Instead of the forma -07j-Ka-/x7jf, <-8<v-Ka-/i7)', first aorist in- 



Ullt', tho Attio forms are used. 



ii'Lllo optative forms of the imperfect and second aori.st 

 of tho verbs in , namely, o, as riOot/xTjv, Ooi/trji/, are preferred 

 to those in i, as nQa^v, dtt^riv. 



Tho perfect and pluperfect, iffrijKa, iffTyittw (but not flffri)- 

 Ktv), form the dual and the plural immediately from the stem, 

 as perfect, i-arra-Tov, k-a-ra.-ii.fv, i-ffra-rf, t-ffTa-ffi(v) ; pluperfect, 

 i-ffra-rof, i-<na.-r^v, i-ffTa-nfv, i-ffra-rf, f-rrra-ffav ; instead of 

 iinriKtvai, i<rrai>a.i is usually employed. The participle runs 

 lirritt, wffa, us, gen. WTOJ, oxrijs, as well as iffrrjKus, via, oj, gen. 

 OTOS, mas. With farmov compare rtr\a^ft> (TAA), and rt Qvi^fv, 

 TtQva.Tt t TtOvaffi(t>), inf. Ttdvavau, from Ttfli/rjica, Qvi\ffK<a (0NA). 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK. XLIII. 



EXERCISE 129. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. The soldiers will do fond themselves against the enemy. 2. Do 

 not be vexed when blamed for your faults. 3. The shepherd will feed 

 the flock of goats on the inouutains. 4. The soldiers wished to march 

 ngoinst the enemy. 5. The soldiers will be in want of provisions in 

 the enemy's country. 6. He is not the rich man who has much, but 

 he who wants little. 7. Pollux did not wish to be even a god by him- 

 self, but preferred rather to be a demigod with his brother. 8. The 

 barbarians, being pursued by the Greeks, were caught at the river. 



EXERCISE 130. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. 'H A jia evefjiti^n- 2. Ne/Li> T>IK AeiaK. 3. *H TroXir Tifttapriaei rovt TroXe- 

 uiiivr. 4. fl JTUI, jut a\9frrHrtn inrep utv T)/iapTai'Cr eXeyxoM""" 1 - 5. Afatiot 

 voider oux ax"o"Tui virep <iv r^iapTakov e\c*/xonfvoi. & 2TpaTeu<ro/^ai cirt 

 rat \0rivat. 7. Ofoi/tri /ifpaiv. 8. 'H <//uxn eit ovpavov avaimioerat. 9. A"ja9oi 

 tit' ayaHta \atpouatv. 10. Tout (npaniarait cirtTr)ifi<i>* iet. 11. A^aflor riav 

 waidaiv em fit\r}atrat, afaOoi <k vatAes -rwv roKfiav eiri/ueXr|<roi'7ai. 



EXERCISE 131. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Even a slow man who is well advised can in pursuit catch a swift- 

 footed man. 2. The Athenians chose Themistocles general in the 

 Persian war. 3. Ulysses came to the great hall of Hades. 4. What- 

 ever lot you may have tuken, bear it and chafe not at it. 5. Do not 

 trust very quickly before you exactly see the end. 6. Do not consider 

 whether I am somewhat young to speak, but whether I speak the 

 words of prudent men. 7. Mourn with moderation for friends who 

 ore dead, for they are not really dead, but they have gone before on 

 the same road by which all must go. 



EXERCISE 132. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Ol A0r)va<oi o\Xoit iTTpaTiuiTav eiXoK. 2. 'H iru\tt Eiranttvoviav ei\no 

 o-rpaTttfov. 3. QtjLUiTTOicXnf vieo TK A#rjt at>* a-rpaTtttot tjpctfr,. 4. E\0e, u> 

 <pi\e. 5. n afutiot (f>t\ot, c\t>frc itvpo. 6. Eux itfivtit, TOVTO r)dea>y e&fi. 7. 

 '<) irair uauv e<x 



INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY 

 OF COMMERCE. 



CHAPTER V. FIRST COMMERCIAL PERIOD (continued) 

 PHOENICIA MARITIME OR COASTING TRADE. 



TRANSPORT by sea, in lessening the labour, time, and cost of 

 procuring commodities from distant countries, gave a new life 

 to commerce, and indefinitely widened its scope. It was chiefly 

 as carriers that the Phoenicians distinguished themselves. They 

 were the earliest recorded sailors. They were already a nation 

 when the Israelites entered the Promised Land. Homer refers 

 to their seafaring habits, and their daring as traders and pirates, 

 as facts established at a date of about 1,000 years before the 

 Christian era. As -we have already seen, they navigated tho 

 Arabian and Indian Seas, and brought to the ports of the Per- 

 sian Gulf the products of Ceylon and Malabar, of the Indus and 

 the Ganges, thus linking the elephant traffic of Hindostan with 

 the caravan commerce through Babylon and Palmyra, and with 



70 



the Arab caravan* from Qerrha. Their vesaoU in tho Bed 

 Sea coasted Arabia Felix and Kthiopia, exchanging tho produce 

 of both these countries at Klath and Ezion-gnber, in return for 

 the commodities brought overland through Edom. The rich 

 countries just referred to were the ancient Ophir, with which tho 

 Jowa also traded, and whence were obtained gold, nilver, irory, 

 apes, and peacocks. Meanwhile the Mediterranean waa being 

 slowly explored. Eventually tho persistence of the Phoenician* 

 extorted from the rulers of Egypt limited rights to the naviga- 

 tion of tho Nile, and they wero assigned a part of Memphis for 

 warehouses and offices. 



It is recorded that they were the first who rounded the Capo 

 of Good Hope about 600 B.C., having started from the Bed 

 Sea at tho instance of Pharaoh Necho, and in three year* 

 circumnavigated Africa. This event is involved in considerable 

 obscurity, though there seems little reason to doubt its occur- 

 rence ; but, whether true or not, the discovery was turned to no 

 account for many centuries. 



That tho Phoenicians first passed the Pillars of Hercules IB 

 undisputed. Before Saul, the first King of Israel, had begun to 

 reign, they hod already ventured out into the Atlantic ; and the 

 tin mines of Britain, and the amber Linda of the Baltic, were 

 probably visited by them before the days of Solomon. Long 

 before this they had begun to frequent, and even to settle upon 

 the isles of the Levant and the /Egean. Cyprus in particular 

 (the ancient Chittim) could be seen from their shores, and to 

 reach it was one of their earliest efforts. Keeping near the 

 shore, and guided at night by tho stars, they gradually extended 

 the length of their voyages. In the course of time they improved 

 their skill in navigation and ship-building. The acquisition of 

 wealth, whether by just or unjust means, appears to have been 

 the sole object of their traffic. It was tho universal custom to 

 sell as slaves prisoners taken in war. The Phoenicians wero 

 ever ready to purchase any number of captives, and they would, 

 it is said, when the chance offered, kidnap Greek and Hebrew 

 children. The Greeks, amongst whom the Phoenicians at the 

 first had settlements, suffered from their piratical habits, but 

 they afterwards became powerful rivals to Phoenician commerce. 

 The Greek ports, and the isles of the .33gean, were closed against 

 the Phoenicians, and, in alliance with the Etruscans, the Greeks 

 expelled them from Southern Italy (Magna Grcecia). But the 

 desire for Oriental luxuries lessened the jealousies of trade, and 

 Greece could not consistently deny herself Phoenician wares. 

 In Sicily, Sardinia, and the Balearic Isles, the Phoenicians planted 

 colonies, and successfully competed with the Etruscans. Colo- 

 nies were gradually formed along the Mediterranean coasts. 

 In Asia Minor and the Euxine, as well as Africa and the islands, 

 tae native tribes were taught husbandry, and thus to produce 

 commodities valuable to Phoenician commerce. Carthage and 

 Adramyttium, Great and Little Leptis, with several hundred 

 smaller stations, arose in Africa. 



Spain was literally a mine of wealth ; for gold, lead, and iron 

 abounded ; and silver was so p'entiful that tho merchants are 

 said to have ballasted their vessels with it, and to have made all 

 their utensils, and even their anchors, of it. The profit was 

 beyond compute. The natives gladly accepted Tyrian orna- 

 ments and glass trinkets for that upon which they set no value, 

 and the Phoenicians disposed of this beautiful metal in the East, 

 where it was held, comparatively, in higher estimation than gold. 

 When the supply thus procured failed, the Phoenicians became 

 the taskmasters of the natives, whom they enslaved and com- 

 pelled to work in the silver mines. Thus these poor aborigines 

 were the prototypes of the gentle Indians whom tho Spaniards 

 in after days forced to labour in the mines of Mexico. Spain 

 also possessed rich resources in animal and vegetable produce. 

 Fine wool, wax, and salt fish ; corn, wine, oil, and luscious fruits 

 were only second in value to the precious metals. A Phoenician 

 origin can be assigned to nearly 200 Spanish towns. Cadiz, 

 "on the most remote point of the world," is to this day an 

 important commercial city. Hispalis (Seville), Carteta, (Car- 

 taijo), near Gibraltar, and Malaka (Malaga), are other examples. 

 The Tarshish of Scripture was probably South Spain (Tartestus). 

 From Spain, the Phoenicians set out for still more distant enter- 

 prises. It appears hardly possible that their vessels could have 

 weathered the rough waters of the Bay of Biscay, yet it is certain 

 that they obtained tin and lead from the Soilly Islea and Corn- 

 wall, and amber from the shores of the Baltic. They also 

 visited, sooner or later, the Azores and the Madeira Isles. The 



