LESSONS IN L,\ 



The ablative (a and fero, ferre, tali, latum) is tho CUM- 



.'. As tin- Motes giving to, HO the ablative de- 



notes taking from. This seems to be the fundamental meaning 

 Ablative. Other significations, such aa by, with, and in, 

 . f. The ablative answers to tho question .// 

 nt If 84 



Pucr :nornus ett a cane ; a quo ? a cane. 



A boy fcu tarn 6iifen by doj ; by what .' a dog. 



The nominative and vocative are called tho direct cases, and 

 nil tho r.-.^t ore called the indirect or oblique cases. 



'bliquo cases in Latin oro not exactly identical in mean- 



in.; v. ith tho corresponding cases in English. The Latin goni- 



. >f intii-h wider application than tho English possessive, 



and not seldom implies relations which are commonly expressed 



to or for. The Latin ablative also embraces the varied 



ioations of from, by, through, in, and with. 



If you consider what verbs imply the relation indicated by 



to or for, you will ascertain the class of verbs which require 



their object to bo in the dative. But here you must take 



difference of idiom into account. In English we say, they obey 



me, but the Latins said, they obey TO me (mihi obediunt). Hence 



what is called the rule, that in Latin verbs of obeying and 



commanding are followed by a dative. In English we say, 



he approached the shore, though the expression is elliptical, and 



roached TO the shore was formerly used. In Latin, when 



appropinquare denotes motion it takes an accusative with ad 



(our to), or the dative without ad; the dative without ad is 



used when the verb denotes a position, a being or a lying near ; 



as exemplified in the following sentences : 



Ad summam. aquam pisccs appropinquant. 

 Fishes draw near (rise) to the top of the water. 

 Afunitionibtu appropinquant militos. 

 The soldiers approach tho fortifications. 



Dare alicui aliquid is sometimes equivalent to do something 

 out of love or regard for; as 



Da hoc patrico ut consilio tuo uti possit. 



Give this to thj country that it may make use of thy counsel. 



After a similar manner are employed the verbs donare, con- 

 donare, remittere, concedere. 



" To marry," in English, has a construction corresponding 

 with the Latin accusative. Thus we say, she married him, he 

 married her. But nubo, I marry, in Latin commonly requires 

 a dative. Nubo is used of tho female, thus, nupsit Chloe 

 Claudio, Chloe married Claudio. Tho reason why nubere 

 requires a dative is found in its derivation. Nubo has for its 

 stem nub, which is the base of nubos, a cloud, also a veil. Now 

 tho bride came to her husband veiled. Accordingly, she was 

 said to veil herself to or for that is, to marry her husband. 

 On his part the male was said, ducere uxorem, to lead or conduct 

 e wife (that is, domnm) home. 



THE DATIVE. 



The verb esse, when it signifies possession, being equivalent 

 to our word have, puts in the dative the noun which denotes 

 the possessor ; as 



st mthi timer, I am afraid (I have fear). 



The dative of the possessor is distinguished from tho genitive 

 of the possessor in this that the former is used when you ask 

 for what is possessed, and the latter when you ask who is the 

 possessor; as 



1. Kegi est ager. 



The field belongs to the Iting. 



2. Ager est repris. 



The field is the king's. 



In No. 1 you ask, "What belongs to the king P" Answer, 

 " The field." In No. 2 you ask, "Whose is the field?" Answer, 

 " The king's." 



Adjectives which involve the idea of to or for take a dative. 

 Such adjectives are those which signify useful, useless, suitable, 

 unsuitable, known, friendly, etc. ; namely, utilis, inutilis, salu- 

 taris, damnosus, gratus, cams, aptus, accomodatus, idoneus, 

 facilis, difficilis, notus, ignotus, proprius, alienus, ami-cits, cequus, 

 iniquus, infestus, infensus, iratus, fidus, Jidelis, etc. So with 

 tho adverbs convenienter, constanter, amice. 



Some of these adjectives admit of another construction, 

 namely, acv with the accusative, as, utilis ad rem ; or erga with 



the accusative, as, benevolo* ergs aliqnem ; or again, the geuiMt* 



without a proportion, as, alienun alien JUB rti, foreign to a 



matter, that u, having nothing to do with it, knowing nothing 



of it. Alienus may be aluo constructed thus, alienna aliqpA re, 



or ab aliqua re. Propriut may have a genitive, M, proprios 



-, peculiar to some one, or some thing. AUUCUH, /rteiutty ; 



iniinicus, unfriendly ; familiarU, intimate with ; and raperstes, 



":i, are often used aa substantive*, and consequently take 



i>ject in the genitive. A,dui and idoneus, U nsed of a 



thing, are generally constructed with an accusative, and ad, if of 



a person, simply with a dative. 



The dative is also used with adjectives signifying like, unlike, 

 near, related, etc., such as par, impar, dispar, aequalit, inequalit, 

 similis, diisimilis, contrarius, propinquut, propior, prorimus, 

 Jinitimus, vicinus, affinit, coynatut, communis, etc. 



JEquatis, affinis, vicinus, propinyuus, are employed and con- 

 structed as nouns. 



Propior and proximus may have an accusative, bat only as 

 referring to place ; thus, propior hostem, but not prapior 

 clementiam, instead of which you must say propior dementia. 

 Probably the former construction is to be explained by the 

 ellipsis or omission of ad. 



Similis and dissimilis take a genitive as well as a dative ; a 

 genitive when the likeness or unlikeness is mental, a dative 

 when it is physical. 



Idem may be constructed with a dative ; as 



Invitum qui scrvat idem facit occidenti, he who M* a person u- 



wiUing (to be saved) docs the same as ona who kills (another). 



Certain exclamations govern a dative, as, vso tibi ! alas for 

 thee ! hei misero mihi ! ah, me miserable ! 



THE ACCUSATIVE. 



The simplest form of tho accusative case, as governed by 

 verbs, is that which is found in connection with transitive verbs 

 of tho active voice, in which tho action indicated by the verb 

 passes directly from the subject to the object ; as 

 Deus CKEAVIT MUXDUM, God created the icorW. 



Practice, aided by rule, will teach the student what verbs in 

 Latin take an accusative case ; but ho has need to be on bis 

 gward against mere English analogy. To fly from in English 

 would not give him the idea that the corresponding Latin verb 

 required its object in the accusative case ; yet so it does, as, for 

 example 



Andromeda aufugiens aspectum mcesta. parcntis, 

 Sad Andromeda flying from the sight of her father. 



Intransitive verbs become in some sort transitive by taking fl 

 noun of the same meaning as the action which they signify ; as, 

 ludere ludum, to play a play. This form of construction ia 

 known as the cognate accusative. 



The noun may be similar in meaning instead of the same ; 

 thus, aleam ludere, to play (at) dice. Hence arise some forma 

 which require special attention; for example 



Bacchanalia viyere, to lire in a bacchanalian manner. 

 Yincere judicium, to succeed in a law-suit. 



Intransitive verbs may liave an accusative of the neuter pro- 

 noun ; as, hoc laetor, I am glad of t)w.t. 



Verbs in themselves intransitive acquire a transitive accepta- 

 tion by receiving a preposition into combination ; thus, latrare, 

 to bark, is intransitive, but adlatrare, to bark at, is transitive. 



Intransitive verbs in general cannot be used in the passive 

 voice ; but those intransitive verbs which are made transitive 

 by prepositions may be used in the passive voice ; as, fossa 

 transilitur, the ditch is leaped over. 



The preposition found in the verb is sometimes repeated with 

 the noun for the sake of emphasis ; as, ad urbein advolavit, h 

 flew to tlie city. 



Occasionally there is a difference of meaning between the 

 verb with and the verb without the second preposition ; thus, 

 " adire ad regem " is to go to the king, but "adire regem " is to 

 address, to entreat the king. 



Two accusatives are found with transitive verbs. The fir** 

 instance is where one of the accusatives is an adjective j as 



Euphrates efficit Jfesopotamiam fcrtilem, 

 The Euphrates renders .Mesopotamia fertile. 



The verb efficit governs Mesopotamia. It does more its 



