LESSONS IN FRENCH. 





(3.) When the principal clause of the sentence is interrogra- 

 : n.'j,Mtivi', and expreMoa doubt, the verb of the sub- 

 ordinate cluiuw is put ill the subjunctive : 



Penset-vous quo TOUI reussis- 

 Biez Jan* eotte affair* ? 



. 

 u- doive <k-rire. BOILEAU. 



\ fz-votis qa'il Tlonne ? 



Do you think that you trill succeed 

 in this affair f 



I u-nitM not affirm that it hnuld 

 lie icrt 



i>o you bcliere h u-ill c;me t 



Most verbs expressing consent, command, doubt, detire, 

 ./, surprise, \cant, duty, exhortation, necettity,fear, 

 /tension, require the subjunctive : 



Jo pormets, jo souhalte, je 

 doute. jc- veux, j'ordonne, jo 

 suU surprls, que vou veniez. 



It, s ee UK'- me moment, ordon- 

 uez .|uo je paxte. RACI.NK. 



Tu v.-ux qu'en ta faveur uous 

 croyions Tiinposiible. 



CORNEILLE. 



Je suis ravl quo nous logions 

 ensemble. DESTOUCHES. 



1 p ermit, I wish, I doubt, J detire, 

 I order, I am surprised, that you, 

 may or should com*. 



Order, that I may depart thit very 

 moment. 



Thou icishe t that for thy take w 

 man believe in impossibilities. 



I am delighted that ire happen to 

 lire together. 



(5.) When the first verb expresses fear or apprehension, the 

 verb in the subjunctive must be preceded by ne : 



Je crains, je tremble, j'uppiv- 

 euJu, j'ai peur. q-.i'ii ne vienne. 



GlIiAULT 



I fear, I tremble, I apprehend, I 

 am afraid he may come. 



(G.) The pronouns qui, que, lequel, dont, ou, should be fol- 



!iy the subjunctive, when that part of the sentence which 



precedes them expresses an interrogation, or implies a wish, a 



doubt, or a condition. They must also be followed by the verb 



in the subjunctive when they are preceded by a superlative 



. , or such adjectives as have the import of a superlative ; 



as, seal, premier, dernier, etc. : 



Y a-t-il qnelqu'un qui ne res- 

 pecte le malheur ? 



La meilleure chose que vous 



puissiez faire. 



Ciioisissez une retraite OU vous 

 0yez tranqnille. 



C'est le seul que je connaisse. 



Is there any one \ch does not 

 respect misfortune 1 



The best thing that you can do. 



Clioose a retreat in which you may 

 enjoy repose. 



He is the only cne I fcnoic. 



(7.) A verb preceded by one of the impersonal verbs falloir, 

 importer, convenir, suffire, valoir mieux, or by the verb 6tre, 

 Impersonally in connection with the adjectives facheux, 

 jnste, injuste, surprenant, possible, or with a propos, temps, 

 a desirer, a souhaiter, etc., must be put in the subjunctive [see 

 S,-c. 73, R. 1.] : 



ll faut que TOUB venlez. 



II est temps que vous paitiez 

 pour Koine. 



II ne me plait pas que vous 

 allies lii. L'ACADBJCIE. 



II u'est pas certain que vous 

 ; mis on. 



Tou must come, or it is necessary 

 that you sliould come. 



It is time that you should start 

 for Rom;. 



It does not please me that you 

 should go there. 



It ia not certain that you are right. 



(3.) After the expressions quelque . . . que, quel que, si 

 . . . que, quoi que, the verb is always put in the subjunc- 

 tive : 



Quelque effort que fassent les 

 homilies, leur ndant parait partout. 

 BOSSUET. 



Qui que ce SOlt, parlez et ne 

 le craignez pas. RACIKE. 



81 mince qu'il pulsse ctre, un 

 cheveu fait do 1'orubre. 



VlIiEFBi. 



For the conjunctions which require the subjunctive, see 

 140. 



124. THE INFINITIVE. 



(1.) The infinitive represents the being or doing in an inde- 

 finite manner, and without number or person : 



VoulOir trompor le ciel, c'est I To vis\ to deceive htaven, is /oily 

 folie a la terre. LA FOSTAIHE. in men. 



Whatcrer effort men may make, 

 their nothingness appears everywhere. 



Whoever he may be, speak, and do 

 not fear him. 



Havener thin it may be, a hair 

 has a shadow. 



L'trdeur d valncre cede * la 

 peur de mourtr. CoMtBitue. 



Hair cut un toiirment. 



Slav*. | 



(2.) The infinitive is often used substantively -. 



The ardour / eo**)*t*i (to O*K- 

 avir), ytUb to Uu fe+r of 

 (to&U). 



To halt it a tomutit. 



Ou plub'it, que ne puU-je an 

 doux tomber du jour ? 



LAMAKTIVE. 



Or ratfuir, why can I nt at the 

 tveet clou of U* day t 



(3.) The infinitive present is used in French after certain 

 verbs, which arc, in English, joined to other verbs by tho con- 

 junction and : 



Allez Chercher inon pi-re. | Go and fetch my father. 



(4.) A verb immediately preceded by another verb (avoir 

 and etre excepted), is put in the present of the infinitive when 

 both verbs have the same subject, or when the object of the 

 first is the subject of tho second. With the exception of en, 

 propositions require the present or the past of the infinitive : 



Tout ce qu'elle B'isnaginait 

 tenir, lui dchappait tont-a-c -up. 



FiHELOM. 



Vos ruisons ont tr< p bonnes 

 d'elles-mciues, sans etre appuydes 

 de ces secours dtrangers. 



RACIHE. 

 Vous pensez tout savoir. 



PIETRE. 



Je les vois venir. 

 J'entends votre ami Chanter. 



Us parlent de partir. 



Apres avoir dlt cela, il s'assit. 



I AU that the fancied that tht htU, 

 ' escaped her suddenly. 



Four reason* are too good in 

 themselres to neel that fortiyn a*- 

 ' sistunce. 



Tou think that you know 



thing. 

 I fee them coming. 



J hear your friend singing. 

 | 7'hy speak of going aira>/. 

 , After having said that, fie sat doxn. 



(5.) The French language preferring the active to the passive 

 voice, requires the use of the active verb in the following and . 

 similar cases wherein tho English use the passive voice : 



Cette dame est bien a plaindre. 

 Cette maisou est a vendre. 



La chose est de trop peu de 



consdquence pour la traiter sd- j queues to It treated teriously. 

 rieuseuient. VOLTAIKE. 



That ladj is much to be pitted. 

 Thie he use it to be cold. 



The matter u of too little const 



125. GOVERNMENT OF "VERBS. 



Some verbs are in English governed by prepositions different 

 from those which connect or govern the same verbs in French. 

 Some, again, which are in English joined by prepositions, re- 

 quire none between them in French. We give below lists of 

 verbs with the appropriate prepositions, according to the best 

 French authorities. 



126. VERBS REQUIRING NO PREPOSITION BEFORE ANOTHER. 

 VERB IN THE INFINITIVE. 



Accourir, to run to. 

 Aimer mieux, to prefer. 

 Aller, to go. 



Apercevoir, to perceive. 

 Assurer, to assure. 

 Avouer, to con/ess. 

 Compter, to intend. 

 Confesser, to con/ets. 

 Courir, to run. 

 Croire, to believe. 

 Daigiier, to deign. 

 Declarer, to declare. 

 Dlairer, to desire. 

 Devoir, to be obliged, 

 ficouter, to hear, to listen. 

 Entendre, to hear. 

 Envoyer, to send. 

 Espdrer, to hope. 

 Faire, to make. 

 Falloir, to be necessary. 

 Imaginer (s'), to imagine. 

 Laisser, to let, to svfir. 

 Meuer, to take, to lead. 



Je pretends vous traiter 



com me mou propre fils. 



RACINE. 



Nior, (o deny. 



Observer, (o notice, to obserce. 

 Oser, to dare. 

 Faruitre, to seem. 

 Penser, to think, to fancy. 

 Fouvoir, to be able. 

 Frdfe'rer, to prefer. 

 Frdteudre, to pretend. 

 Rappeler (EC), to remember. 

 Rapporter, to report. 

 Reconnoitre, to acknowledge. 

 Regarder, to look at. 

 Retourner, to return. 

 Revenir, (o come back. 

 Savoir, to know. 

 Sembler, to seem. 

 Sentir, to feel. 

 Souhaiter, to uih. 

 Soutenir, to maintain. 

 Valoir mieux, to be bt'tUr. 

 Venir, to come. 

 Voir, to see. 

 Vouloir, to be willing. 



I intend to treat you as my ;in. 

 son. 



