106 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



system of nomenclature was accordingly introduced some time 

 ago, and is almost universally adopted. In this system the 

 clouds are divided into three main classes, Cirrus, Cumulus, and 

 Stratus ; there are also several minor and intermediate classes. 



Cirrus cloud (Fig. 5) consists of white fleecy filaments, usually 

 arranged in a somewhat irregular manner. Sometimes, too, it 

 assumes the appearance of feathers or flocks, scattered over the 

 surface of the sky. They are usually the most elevated clouds ; 

 and while on the summit of a mountain the traveller often looks 

 down on other varieties, these are still far above him. Small 

 groups of these, scattered evenly, often accompany fine weather ; 

 but if they be extensively developed, and especially if the ends 

 of the streamers appear to be blown about, wind and storms 

 may most probably be expected. Hence the proverb 

 " Mackerel's scales and mare's tails 

 Make lofty ships carry low sails." 



The term cumulus is applied to those large rounded heaps of 

 clouds (Fig. 6) which often appear to rest on an horizontal base, 

 and to be piled up one on another. These clouds are frequently 

 formed in the morning, and continue to increase till after noon. 

 Hence this form has been termed the " cloud of the day." It is 

 very easily distinguished from other forms. When these increase 

 rapidly and fall, wet is probably at hand; but when they are of 

 moderate size, and only appear during the heat of the day, they 

 indicate fine weather. 



The stratus (Fig. 7) consists of almost horizontal layers or 

 bands of clouds, usually near the horizon, and often resting on 

 the surface of the earth. It is usually formed during the even- 

 ing and night, by the condensation of vapour in the air lying 

 on the ground, and hence it is sometimes called the " cloud of 

 the night." 



The nimbus, or rain cloud (Fig. 7), is frequently reckoned as 

 a separate form ; it is, however, more strictly a combination of 

 the various other forms. It usually has its origin in cumulo- 

 stratus. These increase and spread, at the same time assuming 

 a bluish-black hue. This gradually changes to a lighter grey, 

 the clouds then frequently become fringed at the edges, and the 

 rain descends. 



The intermediate varieties of clouds are known as cirro- 

 cumulus, cirro-stratus, and cumulo-stratus. Their names, how- 

 ever, will sufficiently describe their appearance. 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XXXYI. 



IEEEGULAE VEEBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION 



(continued). 

 II. IRREGULAR VERBS ENDING IN ere SHORT. 



3. Verbs ending in URRE, contracted from CERE. 



The irregular verb addurre, to bring, is thus conjugated : 



INF. Simple Tenses. Pres. Addurre, to bring. Pres. Gerund. Addu- 



cendo, bringing. Past Part. Addotto, brought. Compound Tenses. 



Past. Avere addotto, to have brought. Past Gerund. Aveudo addotto, 

 ?iauing brought. 



IND. Pres. Adduce, addiici, adduce ; adduciamo, adducete, adducono. 

 Imp. Adduceva or adduce'a, adducevi, adduceva or adducea ; adduce- 

 vamo, ndduceviite, adduceVano or adduceano. Ind. Pret. Addiissi, 

 adducesti, addiisse ; adducenimo, adduceste, adclussero. Fut. Addurrb, 

 dddurrai, addurra ; addurretuo, addurri?te, addurraiino. Cond. Pres. 

 Addurrei or addurria, addurresti, addurrebbe of addurria; addurremmo, 

 addurreste, addurrebbero or addurriano. 



IMP. Adduci, addiica ; adduciamo, adducete, adducano. 



SUB. Pres. Che adduca, cho adduca or adduchi, che addiica; che 

 adduciamo, che adduciate, che adducano. Imp. Che adducessi, che addu- 

 cessi, che adducesse ; che adducessimo, che adduceste, che adducessero. 



After this example conjugate the following: 

 Infinitive. Ind. Pret. Future. Past Part. English. 



Condurre, coudiissi, coiidurro, condotto, to conduct. 

 Dedurre, dediissi, dedurro, dedotto, to inter. 



Indurre, indussi, indurro, indotto, to induce. 



Prodilrre, produssi, produrro, prodotto, to produce 

 Eidurre, ridussi, ridurro, ridotto, to reduce. 



Sedurre, sedussi, sedurrb, sedotto, to seduce. 



Tradiirre, tradiissi, tradurrb, tradotto, to translate 



4. Verbs ending in GERE. 



The irregular verb volgere, to turn, is thus conjugated : 

 INF. Simple Tenses. Pres. Volgere, to turn. Pres. Gerund. Volgendo, 



turning. Past Part. Volto, turned. Compound Tenses. Past. Avere 



volto, to have turned. Past Gerund. Avendo volto, having turned. 



IND, Pres. Volga, volgi, volge ; volgiamo, volgete, vdlgono. Imp, 

 Volge'va or volgea, volgevi or yolgei, volgeva or volgea; volgevaiaoj 

 volgevate, volgevano. Ind. Prei. Volsi, volge'sti, volse ; volgemmo. 

 volgeste, volsero. Put. Volgerb, volgerai, volgera; volgeremo, volgerete, 

 volgerauno. Cond. Pres. Volgerel or volgeria, volgeresti, volgerdbbe; 

 volgeremmo, volgereste, volgere"bbero. 



IMP. Vulgi, volga ; volgiamo, volgeste, volgano. 



SUB. Pres. Che volga, che volga, che volga; ehe volgiamo, che 

 volgiate, che volgano. Imp. Che volgessi, che volge'ssi, che volgesse ; 

 che volgessirno, che volgeste, che volgessero. 



After this example conjugate the following : 



Infinitive. 

 Aggiungere, 

 Aspergere, 

 Cingere,, 

 Dipfngere, 

 Eme'rgere, 

 Fingere, 

 Giuugere, 

 Indulgere, 

 Me"rgere, 

 Piangere, 

 Piingere, 

 Eavvolgere, 

 Sciugere, 

 L'ngere, 



Present, 

 aggiungo, 

 aspergo, 

 cingo, 

 dipingo, 

 em^rgo, 

 fingo, 

 giiingo, 

 indulge, 

 njdrgo, 

 piango, 

 piingo, 

 ravvolgo, 

 scingo, 

 lingo, 



Ind. Pret. 

 aggiunsi, 

 aspersi, 

 cinsi, 

 dipinsi, 

 emersi, 

 fiusi, 

 gii'ui.si, 

 indulsi, 

 mersi, 

 piansi, 

 punsi, 

 ravvolsi, 

 scinsi, 

 uusi, 



Past Part, 

 aggiiinto, 

 asperso, 

 cinto, 

 dipiuto, 

 emerso, 

 finto, 

 giiinto, 

 indulto, 

 merso, 

 planto, 

 punto, 

 ravvolto, 

 scinto, 

 unto, 



English, 

 to add. 

 to sprinkle. 

 to gird. 

 <o describe, 

 to emerge. 

 to feign, 

 to come to. 

 to grant, 

 to pZunge. 

 to v:eep. 

 to sting. 

 to wrap, 

 to gird. 

 to anoint. 



5. Verbs ending in GGERE. 



The irregular verb l^ggere, to read, is thus conjugated : 



INF. Simple Tenses. Pres. Leggere, to read. Pres. Gerund. LeggendoF 



reading. Past Part. Letto, read. Compound Tenses. Past Avdreletto, 



to Jiai'e read. Past Gerund. Ave'udo l^tto, having read. 



IND. Pres. Leggo, leggi, legge ; leggiamo, leggete, l^ggono. Imp. 

 Leggeva or legg^a, leggevi, legg^va or legge'a; leggevamo, leggevate, 

 leggi?vano. Ind. Pret. Lessi, leggesti, lesse; leggdmmo, leggdste, 

 lessero. Fut. Leggero, leggerai, leggera ; leggereino, legger^te, legge- 

 rauuo. Cond. Pi-es. Leggerei, leggerdsti, leggerdbbe or leggeria ; legge- 

 rdinmo, leggereste, leggerebbero. 



IMP. Leggi, legga ; leggiamo, leggete, le"ggano. 



SUB. Pres. Che l?gga, che legga, che Kgga ; che leggiamo, che 

 leggiate, che leggano. Imp. Che leggessi, che leggessi, che leg^ssej 

 che leggessimo, che leggdste, che leggessero. 



After this example conjugate the following: 

 In/initive. Present. Ind. Pret. Past Paii. 



Affiggere, affiggo, affissi, affisso, 



Configgere, configgo, confissi, confitto, 



Distruggere, distriiggo, distrussi, distrutto, 



elessi, 



ffssi, 



infissi, 



preel^ssi, 



protessi, 



ril^ssi, 



strussi, 



trafissi, 



ele"ggo, 



Eleggere, 



Figgere, 



Infiggere, infiggo, 



Preeleggere, preeleggo, 



Prot<?ggere, prott5ggo, 



Eil(?ggere, 



Struegere, 



Trafiggere, 



rileggo, 

 struggo, 

 trafiggo, 



English. 



to affix. 



to nail. 



to destroy. 

 eldtto, to elect. 



fitto or -sso, to fix. 

 infitto or -sso, to nail, 

 preeletto, to prefer. 



protetto, to protect, 



riletto, to read again, 



striitto, to uear out. 



trafisso or -tto, to pierce. 



6. Verbs ending in GLIERE. 



The irregular verb cogliere or corre, to gather, is thus conju- 

 gated : 



INF. Simple Tenses. Pres. Cogliere or corre, to gather. Pres. Gerund. 



Cogliendo, gat?tering. Past Part. Colto, gathered. Compound Tenses. 



Past. Avere colto, to Jiave gathered. Past Gerund. Avendo colto, having 

 gathered. 



IND. Pres. Coglio or colgo, cogli, coglie ; cogliamo, cogh^te, cogliono 

 or colgono. Imp. Coglieva or cogliea, coglievi, coglieva or cogliea ; 

 coglievamo, coglievate, coglievano. Ind. Prc(. Colsi, coglie'sti, colse ; 

 coghemmo, coglieste, colsero. Ful. Cogliero or corro, coglierai of 

 corrai, cogliera or corra ; coglieremo or corremo, coglierete or corre'te, 

 coglieranno or corranuo. Cond. Pres. Coglierei, correi, or corriaj 

 coglieresti or corresti ; coglierebbe, correbbe, coglieria, or corria. 

 Coglieremmo or corremmo ; cogliereste or corre'ste ; coglierebbero, 

 coii-ebbero, coglieriano, or corriauo. 



IMP. Cogli, colga or coglia ; cogliamo, cogliete, colgano or cogliano. 



SUB. Pres. Che coglia or colga, che coglia or colga, che coglia or colga; 

 che cogliamo, che cogliate, che cugliano or colgano. Imw. Che coglie'ssi, 

 che cogliessi, che coglie'sse ; che cogliessimo, che coglie'ste, che 

 cogliessero. 



After this example conjugate the following : 



Infinitive. 



Accogliere or accorre, 

 Distdgliere or distorre, 

 Baccogliere or raccorre, raccolgo, 

 Sce"gliere or scerre, 

 Toghere or torre, 



Present. Ind. Pret. Past Part. English. 



accolgo, acculsi, acculto, to welcome. 



distolgo, distdlsi, distolto, to remove. 



racculsi, raccolto, to gather, 



scelgo, scelsi, scelto, to choose. 



iolgo, tdlsi, tolto, to lay hold. 



