INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF COMMERCE. 



Ill 



infinitely small, so u to be reckoned equal to nothing, its loga- 

 rithm : .:i <.tlior words, the logarithm 



utivo intinity. 



.1 tho square root of the number 10 bo extracted, and 



th -n tho square root of this root, and of each successive root, 



.*e roots will be the successive powers of , 



i the square root. Thus, by tho common rule for 



extracting the square root, wo have, going aa far as five places 



of decimals 



Square root of 10-00000 = 3-16228, index }. 

 3-16228 = 1-77828, J. 

 1-77828 = 1-33352, J. 

 1-33352 = 1-15478, ,V 

 1-15478 = 1-07461, 4,* 

 1-07461 = 1-03663, A 5 etc. 



On this principle the following table is constructed : 



TABLE OF EVEN ROOTS. 



10* =. 3-16228, Square root 10^ = 1-15478, 16th root 



10* = 1-77828, 4th root 10^ = 1-07461, 32nd root. 



10* = 1-33352, 8th root 10*^ = 1-03663, 64th root ; etc. 



31. If the cube root of the number 10 be extracted, and then 

 the cube root of this root, and of each successive root, the 

 indices of these roots will be tho successive powers of $, the 

 index of tho cube root. Thus, by the common rule for extract- 

 Ing tho cube root, we have 



Cube root of lO'OOOOO = 2-15443, index J. 

 2-15413 = 1-29155, 

 1-29155 = 1-08902, 

 1-08902 = 1-02883, ft. 



1-02883 = 1-00952, ,},. 



1-00952 = 1-00316, ^ ; eta 



On this principle the following table is constructed : 



TABLE OF ODD ROOTS. 



10* = 2-15443, the cube root. 

 10* = 1-29155, the 9th root. 

 10^= 1-08902, the 27th root 



= 1-02883, the 81st root. 

 = 1-00952, the 243rd root. 

 = 1-00316, the 729th root ; eta 



32. The roofs or fractional powers of 10, in the two pre- 

 ceding tables, are natural numbers, and their indices the 

 logarithms of those numbers. Hence, the construction of the 

 following skeleton table, composed of two parts, is thus ren- 

 dered evident ; for Part I. is deduced from the Table of Even 

 Roots, extended by means of eighteen successive extractions of 

 the square root, as directed in Art. 30 ; the loft-hand column 

 containing the roots or numbers thus obtained, and the right- 

 hand column the decimals approximately equivalent to the frac- 

 tional indices of those roots or numbers. In like manner, Part 

 II. is deduced from the Table of Odd Roots, extended by means 

 of eleven extractions of the cube root, as directed in Art. 31 ; 

 the left-hand column containing the roots or numbers thus ob- 

 tained, and tho right-hand column the decimals approximately 

 equivalent to the fractional indices of those roots or numbers : 



THIRD SKELETON TABLE OF LOGARITHMS. 



Part I. 



33. By means of these three skeleton tables, and the prin- 

 ciples already explained, the logarithms of all natural numbers 

 may be found to any extent required, within certain limits as 

 to the number nf decimal figures. 



INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL 11. 

 OF ro.M.Ml.l;* 



CHAPTER VIII.-CAUT1IAQE. 



CARTHAOE, the chief offshoot of Tyre, and principal inheritor of 

 the colonial commerce of the mother-city, has bad DO native 

 historian to recount its glories -. its history, indeed, has to be 

 sought in the literature of its conquerors and destroyers. It* 

 foundation is ascribed to Elissa or Dido, who, with many Tynans, 

 fled from the hind of her birth (about 813 B.C.), to escape the 

 domestic distractions which overtook Tyre and Sidon, in conse- 

 quence of the usurpation of Ishobcca or Ethbaal. Ethbaal was 

 priest of Astarte, and father of Jezebel, the wife of Ahab. He 

 assassinated Pheletus, tho last of Hiram's sons, B.C. 898. In 

 opposition to Utica, the Old Town (Hebrew, atika, old), founded 

 B.C. 1100, Elissa' s settlement was named Kartchadtha, or New 

 Town, corrupted by the Romans into Carthago, and by the 

 Greeks into Karchedon. 



Like their ancestors the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians owed 

 nothing at first to conquest. They paid a yearly tribute for 

 the hind they settled upon, and sought their wealth in industry 

 and commerce. A skilful, civilised people could not, however, 

 dwell in the midst of nomadic tribes, who were continually 

 at war with each other, without being appealed to by these 

 for aid, and without finally gaining the supreme power. From 

 tributaries they rose to be masters of the neighbouring races, 

 and in the height of their prosperity they ruled a territory ex- 

 tending from Cyrene to Numidia, 1,400 miles in length by 80 

 in breadth, besides possessing a considerable influence over the 

 interior of the continent. The name Africa, first given to their 

 own colony, grew into use as the common designation of their 

 dominions. Besides the north coast of its own continent, 

 Carthage possessed nearly all Spain, and the islands between 

 Spain and Italy. 



The ruling passion with the Carthaginians, as with the 

 Phoenicians, was love of gain. Possessed of little patriotism, 

 they employed mercenaries in all their wars, and imposed 

 upon the African tribes the yoke of military servitude. They 

 showed judgment and good sense in their domestic affairs, for 

 there is no record of turbulence or civil war till the era of their 

 downfall. The soil was cultivated by negro slaves, and a 

 profitable slave-trade existed with the adjacent countries. Their 

 territories yielded corn and fruits of all kinds, various sorts of 

 provisions, wax, honey, oil, skins, wild spartum (a kind of 

 broom, from which they made ropes and numerous articles), 

 a peculiar extract called Punic colour, and other materials 

 for manufactures. The Carthaginians were celebrated for 

 various industrial products, such as woven fabrics and artistic 

 work in leather and wool. Their tanning was very superior -. 

 they manufactured pure white and coloured leathers, of the 

 kind now known as marocco. They also practised the arts of 

 pottery and dyeing, and understood the working of metals. Their 

 skill in handicraft caused the term Punic to become descriptive 

 of exquisite workmanship ; and in Rome, Punic couches, lanterns, 

 wine-presses, etc., were in the highest estimation. Punic is 

 derived from Pceni or P/iceni, the Latin name for these people, 

 the Carthaginians being Phoenicians by descent. 



Carthaginian commerce, though very extensive, was in a great 

 measure confined to direct interchange, and managed entirely 

 by merchants. Even after the destruction of Tyre, it did not 

 include the universal carrying or commission trade of the 

 Phoenicians. Its position on what is now called the Bay of 

 Tunis, midway between the Levant and the Pillars of Hercules, 

 enabled it to command the Mediterranean traffic, while various 

 inland caravan routes also brought commodities to its markets. 



Colonies, properly so called, Carthage did not possess, for its 

 policy of aggrandisement, which could endure no rival, caused 

 all its settlements to be mere trading stations. The chief of 

 the insular possessions was Sardinia, which was held till a few 

 years after the conclusion of the first Punic war, B.C. 241. 

 Corsica, also a Carthaginian possession, was lost at the same 

 time. After contests which lasted 200 years, Carthage 

 never secured more than a partial footing in Sicily. The last 

 remaining possessions before the destruction of the state were 

 the Balearic Isles, Malta, and Spain. 



Phoenician and Greek vessels covered the eastern Mediter- 

 ranean, compelling the Carthaginians to settle and trade where 

 they could more successfully compete with their rivals. In 



