LESSONS IN SPANISH. 



123 



A tree duros la libra, 



A <io peso* la ram, 



A mon do dies duros el IBM, 



At thru dollar* a (the) pound. 



' TO dollar* a (tht) yard. 

 .It (i/ie) rate of tn dollar* a (tht) 

 month. 



Instead of the definite article, the preposition por may be 



used after the price ; thus we can say, a trea doros la libra, at 



lollars the pound; or, a trea duros por libra, at three 



lid. 



The definite article is not used before a noun which denotes 

 nship or kindred of another noun, when a verb comes 

 on thorn ; as 



Maria M hermana de Juana, Mary i tin sitttr of Jant. 



Pablo es hijo del juez, Paul u tht ion of tht judge. 



The definite article is not used before proper names nor before 

 nouns in apposition, when not employed in a definite or deter- 

 minative sense ; as 



Pablo, apcwtol do los Gentiles, Paul, tht apostle of tht Gentilet. 



Ellospecaronal Senor, esperanza They sinned agaitist (he Lord, tht 

 de sua padres, hop* of their fathers. 



The definite article is not used before numerical adjectives 

 when they denote order or succession ; as 



Tomo segundo, pagina 3exto, Volume tl* teoond, poge tht tixth. 



Enrique octavo, Henry the Eighth. 



The cardinal numbers (and not the ordinal) are generally 

 used when the number expressing the order or succession ex- 

 ceeds nine ; thus, Carlos doce, Charles the Twelfth (literally, 

 Charles Twelve), and not Carlos duodecimo; tomo trece, volume 

 thirteen, and not tomo decimotercio, volume thirteenth. 



The titles of books, essays, chapters, or extracts, and the 

 names of periodicals, do not generally take the definite article 

 before them (except when spoken of) ; as 



Historia de Espana, The History of Spain. 



Gaceta de Londres, Tht London Gazette. 



The indefinite article is not generally used when some portion 

 of a thing only is meant, and when the adverb no is used in the 

 sense of not a (that is, not any), or no ; as 



Tiene calenture, Ht has a fever. 



Ella tieno idea de comer, She has an idea of eating (to eat' 



Juan haco ruido, John makes a noise. 



The indefinite article is not used before two nouna, one of 

 which, being connected by a verb to the other, shows the 

 nation, relationship, rank, office, profession, or vocation of the 

 latter ; as 



Juan es Prances, John it a Frenchman. 



Carlos cs impresor, Charlet it a printer. [mother. 



Hallo en ?1 padre 7 madre, He found in him a father and a 



The indefinite article is not used before a noun in apposition 

 with another; as 



EsteTmn, hombre lleno de f J, Stephen, a man full of faith. 



The indefinite article is not used in the title of a book, 

 chapter, or essay ; as 



Coleccion de los mejores Au- A selection of tht beet Spanish 

 tores Espauoles, authors. 



The indefinite article is not used before a noun in an ejacnla- I 

 tory phrase ; as 



i Quo idea ! ; Quo desgracia ! IfTiaf an idea .' what a misfortunt ! 



The indefinite article is not used between an adjective and 

 its noun ; as 



Tan hermosa hya, so beautiful a 

 daughter. 



El murmurnr de las fuente*. 

 Al ver el Arbol, 



Mcdio peso, half a dollar. 

 En tal tiempo, in such a time. 



The indefinite article is not used before the words medio, a 

 half; cien or ciento, a hundred ; and mil, a thousand; as 

 Cien hombres, a hundred men. | Dia y meMio, a day and a half. 



The indefinite article is not used after algo, something, or 

 nada, nothing, followed by the preposition de; as 



Pedro tiene algo de poeta, Peter is tomtthing of a poet. 



The indefinite article can be used before (but not after) tal, 

 such; as 



Tenemos nn tal Pontffice, We havt such a Sigh Priest. 



The infinitive mood, being used in Spanish as a noun with a 

 preposition before it, in the same manner that the present par- 

 ticiple is in English, can take the masculine definite article 

 before it ; as 



Tht murmuring of the ,'omfafiu, 

 ONMrinf tht lrtt. 



The definite article in used before the adrerbs nuts, more, and 

 mlnot, leu, to express the superlative dogroe of <omptriton ; u 



Maria es la mas hermosa de las Vary it tht wnnf UaxiV/Stl of tk 

 mngeres, teamen. 



The article is generally to be repeated before norms which 

 immediately follow each other, especially if they do not agree in 

 gender ; as 



La prudoncia j el valor del rejr, The prudence and tht valour of tht 

 Icing. 



The learner will find many exceptions to the above rnle in 

 the best Spanish writers. The article mart always be repeated 

 in such coses when each noun in designed to be emphatic. 

 When the word todo, all, sums up the several noons, tHfr 

 article is not generally used before any of the nouns ; as 



Espnnoles, Franceses, Ingleses, Spaniard*, Frenchmen, Snylith- 

 y Americanos, todos son mortales, men, and American*, all art mortal 



The article is omitted in Spanish, as in English, before nouns 

 taken in a partitive sense ; as 



El carpintero tiene dinero. The carpenter ho* money. 



THE NOUN. 



AUGMENTATIVES, DIMINUTIVES, AND COMMON TITLES OF 

 RESPECT. 



Augmentative nouns are such as are increased, in the extent 

 of their signification, by the terminations on, ona, azo, aza, ote ; 

 thus the words daga, dagger; cuchara, spoon; fraile, /rtar; 

 gato, cat; manga, sleeve; muger, woman; f rente, forehead, can 

 be rendered augmentative; as dagon, large dagger; cncharon, 

 large spoon, i.e., a ladle; frailon, fat friar; gatazo, large cat ; 

 mangote, large sleeve ; mujerona, stout woman ; frentaza, broad 

 forehead. 



Diminutive nouns are such as are decreased, in the significa- 

 tion of their primitives, by the terminations ico, ten, ejo, eja, ito, 

 ita, eto, eta, illo, ilia, uelo, uela; thus, fraile, friar ; capilla, 

 chapel ; cuchara, spoon ; batel, l/oat, can be rendered diminutive ; 

 as, frailecico, frailecito, fraileznelo, a little friar; capilleja, 

 capillita, capilleta, small chapel; cucharica, cucharita, cnchareta, 

 cucharillo, small spoon; batelico, batelejo, batelito, batelillo, 

 little boat. The terminations uelo generally, and illo also some- 

 times, express contempt ; as hombre, man ; hombreznelo or 

 hombrecillo, an insignificant or contemptible little fellow. 



Adjectives are also frequently found used in a diminutive 

 sense; as, poco, little; poquillo, poqnitico, poqnito, very little. 



There is also a kind of nouns composed of the name of some 

 instrument or object and one of the terminations azo, aza, ada, 

 the compound word including in its meaning both the instrument 

 and some effect produced by it ; as, dardo, a dart ; dardada, a 

 blow given with a dart; cuchara, a poon; cucharazo, a How 

 with a spoon ; pluma, a pen ; plumada, a dash or stroke with a, 

 pen ; mano, the hand; manotazo or manotado, a How with the 

 hand; aldaba, a knocker; aldabada, a rap mlh Ihe knocker; 

 and aldabazo, a violent rap with the knocker. 



When a noun with a singular termination denotes several 

 persons or things, it is called a collective noun, or noun of mul- 

 titude ; as turba, a crowd ; vacada, a drove of cows. 



The ordinary titles of respect, corresponding to Mr. or Esq. in 

 English, are in Spanish Senor and Don ; and those correspond- 

 ing to Madam and Mrs. are Seiiora and Dona ; ani 

 Senonta. Don and Dona never take the article before them, 

 and can be used before Christian names only. Senor and DOH 

 are often used together before the Christian name. A few 

 examples will show the manner in which these words are used : 



El Senor Blake es Americano, 

 Mr. Blake i an American. 



Don Diegro Ticknor, me alegro 

 mucho do verle, Afr. James Ttctnor, 

 I am rcry glad to set you. 



El Senor Ray ; La Senora Ray, 

 Mr. Ray ; Mrs. Ray. 



La Seiiorita Mason, 317*5 If o son. 



Al Senor Don Diego Harper, to 

 James Harper, Esq. 



Los Seiores Don Juan Millon 7 

 Don Pablo Surret, Mexrs. Joh* 

 Millon and Paul Surret. 



Da una silla ,-i Dona Sarah Ray, 

 girt a chair to 3In. Sarah flay. 



The article is never used before these titles, except when the 

 persons ore spoken of ; of course, when persons are addressed, 

 the proper title only is used ; aa 



Buenas tardes tenga vmd., I vith you a good ereHtnj, Mrs. 

 Sefiorita Wilson, TFibon. 



