LESSONS IN FRENCH. 



tag 



non, and after the verbs craindre, avoir peur, trembler, appre- 

 bender, empecher : 



lit it vtry different from what h 

 DM. 



II oHt tout autre .pi'ii nVtait. 

 11 iiu 



II out plot modMte qu'il ne le 



Jo cralns piwque, je craiui, 

 qu'uu songe ne m'abuae. 



RACIWR. 



Voii avez iiii-n peur quo j-- ne 

 change d'avla. MARIVAUX. 



iio empecha qu'ou ne BO 

 promenat dana lea jardius. 



RACINE. 



Ha tpeakt and act* tery d.f- 

 ferently. 



He it more mod*t than h* ap- 



/ am aliiuwt afraid that (lett) a 

 " it declining m*. 



tar IMIICH, !.( I may changt 

 in -i mind. 



The rain prevented thtir taking a 

 walk in the gnrdeti*. 



(8.) Remark : Ne is not used when the verb of the preceding 

 clause is accompanied by a negative : 



He does not speak otherwise than 

 he actt. 



Ht in not more modest than he ap- 

 pear*. 



(9.) After craindre, apprehender, avoir peur, trembler, wo 

 put pas after ne when we wish for the accomplishment of the 

 action expressed by the second verb : 



I fear that he may not come. 



II ne parle pas uutrement qu'il 

 fit 



II n'est pas plus modeste qu'il 

 le parait. 



3rd. The propoaitiona followed by 4 are : 



At tenant, j" Par rapport, irith regard. 



Jtuqna, a* fir at. Quant, at to. 



136. REMARK ow TH OOVERMMKNT or PR>FOTIOVS. 



The rules which we have given [ 89, (1.), <t.)noU, and 129] 

 with regard to the government of verbs and adjective*, apply 

 also to prepositions. When two prepositions require the tame 

 complement, it is useless to repeat this complement after each 

 one, but if they require a different complement, it is ucceMary 

 to give oaoh the proper one. It would, therefore, be incorrect 

 to say, Un magistral doit tou jours juger suivant et conforme- 

 ment aux lois, A mayistrate nhould alwayt judge in accordance 

 with, and conformably to, the laws; because the preposition 

 suivant does not require another preposition, and the adverb 

 conformement requires to be followed by the preposition a. 

 We must, therefore, say : 



Je cralns qu'il ne Vienna pas. 

 J'al peur qua inou frore n'arrive 

 pas. 



Un magistral doit tou jours juger 

 suivant lea lois, et conforme 

 ment a ce qu'ellea preacrivent. 

 MAKMOKTKL. 



A mnyittrate thould alvayt judge 

 in accordant* vith the lairs and con- 

 formably to what they prescribe. 



I am afraid that my brother may 

 not come. 



137. REPETITION OF PREPOSITIONS. 



(1.) The prepositions a, de, en, and sans, must be repeated 

 before every complement, be it a noun, a pronoun, or a verb : 



Ce inonde-ci u'eat qu'uue loterie | This tcorld it but a lottery of goods, 

 de biena, de raugs, de dignite^, of ranks, of dignities, of right*. 



135. THE PREPOSITION. COMPLEMENT OF SIMPLE AND 

 COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. 



(1.) Prepositions may be divided according to their comple- 

 ment into three classes : 



1st. Prepositions governing nouns without the aid of another 

 preposition. They are : 



Eloquence it a very important art, 



de divits. VOLTAIRE. 



LVloquence eat un art tres 



werieux, destiuL- a iustruire, a ' destined to instruct, to reprett pa*. 

 niprimer lea passions, a corriger I (tons, to correct manner*, to upjx>rt 

 les mceurs, k souteuir lea loia, etc. 1 th* lau-s, etc. 

 F^KEI.ON. 



Telle est U multitude, et sans 

 frein et Bans lois. LA HAKPK. 



Such in the multitude, trithout 

 re.-tmint and irit/iout laic*. 



A, at, or to. 



Aprea, after. 



A travers, through. 



Attendu, on account of. 



Arant, be/ore. 



Avec, with. 



Chez, with, at the house of. 



Concernaut, touching. 



Centre, against. 



Da us, in. 



De, o/i from. 



Depuis, since. 



]>erriere, behind. 



Dea, from, as soon as. 



Devant, be/ore. 



Durant, during. 



En, in. 



Eutre, between. 



Envera, (o, towards. 



Excepte, except. 



Hors i 



Hormis, } ""I* (*** Hora belo*} . 



2nd. Prepositions requiring 



A cause, on account. 



A c')t<5, by the side. 



A convert, undVr coter. 



A flour, even trith. 



A force, by dint. 



A 1'abri, under shelter. 



A la faveur, by mean*. 



A la mode, according to the fashion. 



A la rdaerve, reserving. 



A 1'dgard, urith regard. 



A 1'exception, excepting. 



A 1'exclusion, excluding. 



A I'iuau, unJtitown. 



A 1'opposite, contrary. 



A minus, unless, for less. 



A ruiaou, by reason, at th* rat* 1 , 



Au dedans, within. 



Au dehora, wit/iou(. 



Au dela, that way, beyond. 



Au-dessoua, under. 



Au-dessua, above. 



Au-devant, be/ore, to meet. 



Au lieu, tnxUad. 



Joignant, joining. 



Malgrd, in *pit of. 



Moyennaut, by means of. 



Nonobstaut, tiotioithjitaiiding. 



Outre, besides. 



Par, by. 



Parmi, among, amongst. 



Pendant, ditmig. 



Pour, for. 



Sans, without. 



Sauf, safe, save. 



Selon, according to. 



Sous, under. 



Suivaut, according to. 



Sur, upon. 



Touchant, touching. 



Vere, toward*. 



Voici, hr i. 



Voila, thr is. 



Vu, considering. 



(2.) The other prepositions must also be repeated before 

 every noun, pronoun, or verb, unless the words used as com- 

 plements have a similarity of meaning ; in which case the pre- 

 positions may be placed before the first complement only, or 

 before all, at the option of the speaker : 



Je vous donne ceci pour vous 

 et pour votre frere. 



II perd en jeunesse dans la 

 mollesse et (dans) la yoluptl. 



I give you thit for you and for 

 your brother. 



He va*tes his youth in effeminacy 

 and voluptuousness. 



138. OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL PREPOSITIONS 



(1.) Avant marks a priority of time and place ; devant means 

 simply, opposite, in front of : 



oJfc 

 Je marcbe avant vous. -^ earlier than you, or I hate the j-.v- 



Je marcbe devant voua. 



( I walk before you, i.e., I 

 < cnr!ir than you, or I hate tht 

 \ cedence of you in trail-in 9. 



the preposition de after them : 

 Au milieu, in the middle. 

 Au mov.'ii, b'j meant. 

 Au uiveau, on a level. 

 Au pt'ril, at fhe peril. 

 Auprrs, near. 

 Au prix, at th price. 

 Au rez, on n I, !,'!. 

 Au risque, at the riafc. 

 Autour, around. 

 Au travers, through. 

 Aux dlpeua, at the expense. 

 Aux environs, in th* neighbourhood. 

 En deya, thi* -lay. 

 En dedans, thi* side, inside. 

 En de'pit, in spite of. 

 Faute, for want. 

 Hora, out of. 

 Le long, along. 

 Loin, far. 

 Pr&a, near. 

 Proche, near. 

 Via-a-vis, 



I icalt in front of you. 



(2.) En, a, dans. The sense of en is more indefinite, more 

 extensive than that of dans. En is generally used before the 

 name of a division of the earth, a kingdom, etc. ; also before 

 nouns taken in a general sense, and which do not admit of 

 being qualified by the definite article ; a b'*ore the name of a 

 town ; and dans before a word qualified by an article or a 

 determinative adjective : 



En Europe, en France, a Paris, 

 dans ma cbambre. 



En Ame'rique ce sout les bisons 

 qui ont uue bosse BUT le doa. 



BUFPOH. 



Dans rAuu'rique me'ridionale le 



In .Europe, tit Franc*, in Paris, 

 in my room. 



In America th* bison* hare a 

 hunch on their bade. 



In South America tX* o* was 



entire!;/ tuiJrnoirn. 



boeuf ctait abeolumeut iuconnu. 

 Bcnov. 



(3.) Chez might be rendered in English by at, in, to the house, 

 of, ivith, among, etc. : 



Chez votre pcre ; chez vous. 



La condition dea couiediens 

 i { tait iufame Chez lea Bomaios, et 

 honorable Chez lea Greca. 



LA lii;rYFHE. 



139. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON PREPOSITIONS. 

 (1.) Prepositions govern the verb which follows them in the 

 infinitive mood. With the exception of apres, which requires 



At your father's ; at your houte. 



Th* condition of comedian* mu 

 infamous among th* Roman*, and 

 honourable with th* Greek*. 



