LESSONS IN SPANISH. 



147 



of both numbers and genders are often used aa 

 in snob cases preceded by the article ; as 



Un n "Kin). Los rioos, the rich (mm). 



Uu.i iiourn/in). Las ricas, the rtoh (women). 



Los doctos, the leuri.*!. 



The noutor article (as it is called) lo precedes adjectives in 

 number, used aa nouns, when taken in a general 

 sense, without reference to either gender ; as 



Lo siguente, (he fottotring, i.e., 

 fiat which follow*. 



Lo osorito, the written, i.e , that 

 ohich if wrilttii. 



Lo malo, the bad, i.e., that which 



A.lj.-otiYes and participial adjectives are much oftener placed 

 after the noun to which they belong than before it ; aa 



H. !!': .-ii'i". -i - GiuirJm avauzada, advanced 



Furor portico, poetical fury. auard. 



In many cases it is left entirely to the taste of the writer 

 to place the adjective before or after the noun to which it 

 belongs. But cardinal numb3rs, adjectives expressing some 

 inherent or peculiar property, habit, or practice of the noun 

 to which they belong, and adjectives employed as particular 

 epithets with a proper name, are generally placed before the 

 noun : so likewise adjectives accented on the antepenult ; as in 

 these examples : 



La timida oveja, the timid sheep. 

 El ambicioso Jefferson, the ambi- 

 tious Jefferson. 



Una dulce (rescura, a pleasant 

 coolness. 



Cristalina agua, erysfa/liiie water. 

 La blanca nieve, the white SHOW. 



The above rule is liable to many exceptions. Indeed, no 

 certain rules can be given for the position of adjectives. Atten- 

 tion on the part of the pupil to the practice of the best Castilian 

 writ T.S will prove the best means of teaching him the most 

 proper arrangement for adjectives. 



Tan to, as much ; cuanto, so much; mucho, much; todo, all; 

 POOD, little, are always placed before the noun. 



In some few cases the same adjective has a different mean- 

 ing, according as it is placed before or after the noun ; as 



Cueuta cierta, a true (certain) Cierta seuorii, a certain lady. 

 narrative. 



COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES, ETC. 



There are some irregular comparatives ; as, mayor, greater ; 

 mejor, better ; menor, smaller ; poor, worse. 



As the superlative relative is formed by placing the article 

 before the comparative, of course " el mayor " means the greatest; 

 el mejor, the best ; el menor, the least ; el poor, the worst. 



There are some irregular superlatives ; as, maximo, greatest ; 

 <5ptimo, beat ; minirao, least ; pesimo, worst ; infimo, lowest. 



There are some superlatives in isimo not regularly formed ; 

 as, bonisimo, very good ; novisimo, very new ; fortisimo, very 

 strong; fidelisimo, very faithful; sapientisimo, very wise; these 

 being the superlatives of the adjectives bueno, nuevo, fuerte, 

 fiel, suMo. 



There are a few superlatives otherwise irregular ; as, pauper- 

 rimo, very poor ; miserrimo, very miserable ; integerrimo, very 

 honest ; celeborrimo, very celebrated ; saluburiimo, very salu- 

 brious ; liberrimo, very free. 



The superlative of the above adjectives can also be formed 

 with muy ; as, muy grande, very ijreat ; muy pobre, very poor ; 

 muy bueno, very good, eiw. And such as do not already end 

 in isirno or e"rriino can have their regular form in Isimo ; as, 

 mali-dmo, very bad ; poqnisivno, very small, etc. 



With political or other titles of dignity, muy before an 

 adjective expresses somewhat less than the termination isimo 

 affixed to it ; thus, muy flnstre, very ill.ustrious, is less than 

 ilu-itrisirao, most illustrious. 



When a superlative relative follows the noun to which it 

 refers, it is sufficient that the article be used before the noun, 

 and not repeated before the superlative ; as 



Los Catalanes son los pueblos The Catalans are the most Mi- 

 mas iudustriosos de Espafm, dustrioits people of Spain. 



One noun can be compared with another in the same 

 manner as adjectives ; as 



Juan es mas niiio quo su John it more (of a) child than his 

 nieto, grandson. 



In forming a comparison, in affirmative sentences, de is used 

 instead of </v.e before an adjective of quantity or number, or 



before the pronouns what or thit which, cpro*ad or andcr 



Mi bijo tiene n,^ <U > 

 my MM u mare tJ. m .a; year* old. 



Juan ttane ma* d lo <jue neoe- 

 sita, John hat more than what he 

 needs. 



If the sentence be negative, de or </u may either of them be 

 used before an adjective of quantity or number, or the pro- 

 nouns what or that wkich ; aa 



Mi hijo no tieue mat qua (or d) Ky ton is not more tkam rig yan 

 uois afio, old. 



When the adjective is placed after a proper name an a dis- 

 tinguishing epithet, such as "Tarquin the Proud," the article 

 precedes it in Spanish as in English ; as 



Alexandro el Mogno, Alexander I Guzman el I: 

 the Great. \ Good. 



Numeral adjectives of order form an exception t > Vw abov* 

 rule ; as 



Francisco Primero, Francis the I Carlos Dooe, Chn.lt* the Twelfth. 

 Pint. 



The preposition de is generally used after an adjective 01 

 participle which is followed by a noun expressive or t u cause, 

 manner, means, or instrument, and also after adjectives denot 

 ing distance ; as 



Agudo de ingdnio, sharp in intel- 

 lect. 



Apurado de medics, eihausted in 

 means. 



Ageno de verdad, foreign to 

 truth. 



Bajo de cuerpo, loto in stature. 



Boto de punto, blunt at the point. 



Curtido del sol, tanned by the sun. 



Sordo de un oido, d^af with o' 

 ear. 



Palido de miedo, />/!< withfeai. 



Defectos comnnes de su juren- 

 tuft, faults common to k t i.outh. 



in the montt 



Audio de boca, wi' 



i M'l'.J. -,/.!, '/,. ,/ . 



Angosto de manga, narrow f th 

 sleeve (narroie-sleeved). 



The preposition in after a superlative is to be rendered int. 

 Spanish by de ; as 



Los mas sabios h ombres del The wisest men in the <~orld. 

 mundo, 



Tanto, and not tan, is used before a noun in comparisons of 

 equality ; as 



Maria tiene tauta prudcncia Mary has as much prudence at 

 cotno Juana, Jane. 



NUMERALS. 



The numeral adjectives are divided into cardinal and ordinal. 

 The cardinal numerals express numbers ; as one, two, three ; 

 and the ordinal numerals express order or rank ; as /!>/, second, 

 third. 



There are also some numeral nouns, such as the collective 

 numbers, una docena, a dozen ; una veintena, a *core ; and the 

 fractional numbers, la mitad, the half; un cuarto, a t'wth. 



The following is a list of the cardinal and ordinal numeral 

 adjectives : 



ORDINAL MUHSEB3. 



Primero, first. 

 Segundo, second. 

 Tercero, third. 

 Cuarto, fourth. 

 Quiuto, fifth. 

 Sexto or sesto, sixth. 

 S^ptimo, seventh. 

 Octaro, eighth. 

 >'oveno or nono, ninth. 

 Decimo, tenth. 

 Und^cimo, eleventh. 

 Duodecimo, tirel/th. 

 Di ! cimo t^roio, thirteenth 

 Dt'cimo cuarto, /ourt*nUi 

 Docimo quiuto, fifteenth. 

 IWcimo sesto, sixteenth 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



Uno, una, one. 



Dos, two. 



Tres, three. 



Cuatro, /our. 



Cinco, fiv* 



Sets, six. 



Siete, seven. 



Ooho, eight. 



Nueve, nina. 



Diez, ten. 



Once, eleven. 



Doce, twelve. 



Trece, thirteen. 



Catorce, fourteen. 



Quince, fifteen. 



Diez y seis, si* teen. 



Diez y siete, seventeen 



Diez y ocho, eighteen. 



Diez y nueve, nineteen. 



Veinte, tuv. 



Vcinte y uno,* t'reti;-one. 



Veinte y dos, <>rent;/-tiro. 



Veiute y trea, tirenty-three. 



Veinte y cuatro, tirenfi;-)9'jr. 



Veinte y cinco, tirentij-yire. 



Decimo s^ptimo, sreenttenth, 

 Decimo octavo, eighteenth. 

 Di 5 oimo nono, nineteenth. 

 Vig^simo. tirentieth. 

 Vigesimo primo, twenrj-jJrst. 

 Vigesimo seirundo, hMniy-*eccn4. 

 Viir^sinio U ; rcio, tirenty-' : 

 Vigesimo cuarto, tonty-fw^ 

 Vig.'8imo quinto, tienty->/la. 



Sometimes found written as one word, aa ucuUiwrno, 



