150 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Tout a coup au jour vif et bril- 

 lant de la zone torride, succede 

 une nuit uuiverselle et profonde; 

 a la parure d'un priutemps ^ternel, 

 la nudite des plus tristes hivers. 

 RAYNAL. 



Suddenly to the vivid and brtllvnii 

 day of the torrid zone, succeeds a 

 universal and pro bund night ; (o 

 the attire of an eternal spring, the 

 nakedness of the saddest winters. 



(28.) The article, the demonstrative, and the possessive 

 adjective are repeated before every word that they determine 

 [Sect. 86]. 



(29.) Pronouns, used as subjects of verbs, may be repeated 

 before every verb [ 96 ; Sect. 87]. 



(30.) Pronouns, used as objects, must be repeated before 

 every verb [ 102J. 



(31.) Prepositi ms are generally repeated before every word 

 which they govern [ 137]. 



142. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 



The only important difference existing in the two languages 

 in the use of capital letters, is that the French do not use a 

 capital for an adjective, unless it be used substantively, and 

 in reference to persons, or unless it form an integral part of a 

 name : 



Ce monsieur est-il f rancais ? 



C'est mi Francais. 



Est-il francais ? 



Cette Uame est-elle anglaise ? 



C'est uue Anglaise. 



Eile est anglaise. 



Apprenez-vous Je francais ? 

 Je ii'apprends pus 1 'anglais. 

 J'attends le Francois qui de- 

 ineure ici. 



Le departement des Basses- 



Alpes. 



Le royaume des Pa3 r S-Bas. 



Is that gentleman French 1 

 He is a Frenchman. 

 Is he French ? 

 Is that lady English ? 

 She is an English lady. 

 She is English. 

 Do you learn French f 

 I do not learn English, 

 lam u-aiting for the Frenchm:i< 

 who lives here. 



Tlie department of the Lower Alp*. 



The kingdom of the Netherlands. 



143. ELISION. 



(1.) Elision is the suppression of the final vowel of a word, 

 and the substitution of an apostrophe (') before words com- 

 mencing with a vowjl or an h mute : 



The vowels thus elided are a, e, i : 



a is only elided in la, article or pronoun L'ame, the soul ; 

 instead of In time ; I'humilit^, humility ; instead of la 

 humilite ; je 1' admire, je 1'honore, / admire her, 1 

 honour her; instead of je la admire, je la honore. 



NOTE. The a of la, pronoun, is elided only when it precedes 

 its verb. 



e is elided in le, article or pronoun, in je, te, me, se, ce 

 (meaning it, dem. prn.), de, ne, que, parce que, 

 quoique, puisque, jusque, quelque, 1 ami, the friend; 

 1 honmie, the man,; also in presque in the compound 

 noun presqu'ile; also in entre in compound words Buch 

 as entr'acte, s'entr aider ; also in graude in feminine 

 compound nouns : grand'tante, grand'messe. 



NOTE. The e of the pronouns je, me, le, and ce is elided 

 only when they precede their verb. 



i is only elided in si coming before il, he ; ils, they. 



(2.) Although the words onze, onzieine, oui, ouate, yatagan, 

 yard, yacht, yoga, yoie, yucca commence with a vowel, the 

 article is not elided betre them. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LXVII. 



83. PARADIGMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 



(1.) In order to a better display of the irregularities of some 

 of these verbs, we append the following paradigms. They will 

 be found exceedingly convenient for ready reference. Some of 

 these verbs. also, have certain peculiar uses which require spe- 

 cial attention. For this reason we have, immediately after each 

 verb, added a series of explanatory remarks, with copious 

 examples illustrating the several ways in which they are em- 

 ployed . 



(2.) JDurfcn, to be permitted, to dare. 



IND. Pres. 30) barf, tu barfft, et barf ; roir burfen, i6,r burft, fie bur. 

 ft. Imp. 3d> burfte, bu burfteft, er burfte ; roir fcurften, ib,r burftet, fie 

 turften. Per/. 3c> Ijabe geburft; it fcaben fleturf:. Plup. 3d; fjatte 



geburft ; nrir fatten gcburft. First Put. 3d; roerbe burfen ; rotr roerben 

 burfen. Second Fut. 33) roem geburft fyaben; rott roerbcn gcturft 

 fyaben. 



SUB. Pres. 3d; burfe, bu burfeft, er biirfe ; roir burfen, tb,r burfet, Tie 

 burfen. Imp. 3d; burfte, bu burfteft, er burfte ; rotr burften, tfjr biirftct, 

 fte burften. Per/. 3d; fyabe geburft; roir f)aben geburft. Plup. 3d? fiattc 

 geburft ; roir fatten geburft. First Fut. 3d) roevbe burfen ; rotr rocrben 

 fcutfen. Second Fut. 3d) roerbe geburft tyaben; roir roerbcn geburft 

 fyaben. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; rorrbe burfen ; rotr rofirbcn bfitfen. Second 

 Fut. 3d; rourbc geburft fiaben ; roir rotirten geburft fcaben. 



INF. Pres. iDurfen, to be permitted. Perf. Oeburft fjabcn, to 

 have been permitted. 



PART. Pres. Durfcnb, being permitted. Perf. eburft, per- 

 mitted. 



REMARKS ON Ditrfen. This verb is generally to be rendered 

 by to be permitted. The verb is also employed (only in the im- 

 perfect subjunctive, however) to denote what probably may be, 

 and may then be translated by such words as might, need, would, 

 etc. ; thus, &$ burfte jct 511 fr.at fetn, it may or 'might be too late 

 now; @g burfte \>ieftetd)t roabr fein, it -might perchance be true. It 

 also signifies, to need, to have occasion, etc. ; as, (Jr barf nur rebcn, 

 he needs only speak ; @r barf fid; bariiber nirfjt rounbern, he must 

 not or should not wonder at that. When used without an in- 

 finitive after it, one must be supplied to complete the construc- 

 tion ; thus, @r barf nid;t in baS Jpau ffommcn), he is not allowed 

 (to come) into the house. 



(3.) .Rijnnen, to be able. 



IND. Pres. 3d; fann, bu fannft, ev fann ; mil fonnen, tf>r fount, fte 

 fonncn. Imp. 3d; Fonnte, bu Fonnteft, cr fonnte; n>ir fcnnten, i^r fonntet, 

 fte fonnten. Perf. 3d; babe gc!cnnt ; n>tr ^aben gefonnt. Plup. 3d) 

 Oatte gefonnt ; unr batten ge!ennt. First Fut. 3d) recrte f iJnnen ; mtr 

 luerben fimnen. Second Fut. 3d; iccrbe gefonnt fyaben ; roir n>erben ge 

 fonnt ^aben 



SUB. Pres. 3d; fonnc, bu fonneft, er tonne ; n;ir fdnnen, i^r fonnct, 

 fte tonnen. Imp. 3d) fonnte, bu fonnteft, er fonnte ; ir fonnten, ib,r 

 fonntet, fie fonnten. Perf. 3d; Ijabe gefonnt ; njtr fjabcn gefonnt Plup. 

 3d; ^.itte gefonnt; rutr ^fitten gefonnt. First Fut. 3d; tucrbe fonnen; >uir 

 werben fonnen. Second Fut. 3d; ioerbe gefonnt ^aben ; hjtr toerbcn gc. 

 fount I)aben. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; toiirbe fonnen ; >vir tunrbcn fonncn. Second 

 Fut. 3d; luiirbe gefonnt Ijaben ; wir iuiirtnt gefonnt ft.iben. 



INF. Pres. Jtonnen, to be able. Perf. O'efomtt Ijaben, to have 

 been able. 



PART. Pres. Jfonncnb, being able. Perf. efonnt, been able. 



REMARKS ON St on it en. The original signification of fonncn 

 was to know, or to know how; hence the present sense, to be at 

 liberty to do a thing, to be able ; as, id) fann lefen unb fdjretben, I 

 can (know how to) read and write. Its chief power now is to 

 indicate bare possibility, and hence it is often aptly translated 

 by the English may ; as, Sr fann c3 serftanben Iiabcn, he may 

 (possibly) have understood it. It differs, therefore, from burfen, 

 when it (burfen) is used (in the imperfect subjunctive) to express 

 possibility; for burfen not only signifies that the thing may be, 

 but that it probably is or will be. J?onnen, like burfen, has some- 

 times an infinitive understood after it, to complete the construc- 

 tion. 



(4.) SDiocjen, to be allowed, to have liberty. 



IND. Pres. 3d; mag, bu magft, er mag ; roir mogen, tl)r mogt, fte 

 tnogen. Imp. 3d; niodjte, bu mocJjteft, er modjte ; wir modjten, tfcr 

 mod)tet, fie mod;tcn. Perf. 3d; babe gemod;t ; n>ir l)aben gemodjt. - 

 Plup. 3d; b,atte gemod;t ; mtr fatten gemodjt. First Fut. 3d; rocrbe 

 mogen; )tr roecben mogen. Second Fut. 3d; roerbe gemoefyt I;abcn: 

 njtr inerben gemod;t !)aben. 



SUB. Pres. 3d; mdge, bu mdgeft, er mo.^e ; ttnr mogen, t^r moget, fte 

 mogen. Imp. 3d; mddjte, bu modjtcfi, ec modjte ; fair modjtcn, ifr 

 mod;tet, fie mddjten. Perf. 3d) ^abe gemodjt ; nnr feaben gemod;t. 

 Plup. 3d; ^atte gcmodjt ; roir 6v1tt^n gentoijt. First Fut. 3rf> >ucrbe 

 mogen, >mr rocrben m^gen. Second Fut. 3d; rocrbe gemod;t f)abeit; roir 

 roerben gcmod;t babcn. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; roiirbe mogen ; roir roiirbcn mogen. Second 

 Fut. 3d; rourbe gcmodjt Ijaben ; roir rourben gcmod)t baben. 



INF. Pres. 3)Jbgen, to be allowed. Perf. emod;t fyafccn, to have 

 been allowed. 



PART. Pres. 9)Jogenb, being allowed. Perf. (55emod;t. allowed. 



REMARKS ON 2JJ6gen- ^Jiogen marks possibility ander allow 



