LESSONS IN GERMAN. 



or oonooHMon from another ; an, 8r mag lateen, he may 

 i ; tiuit i-- !: lins |n<ni)iision to laugh, no one hinders him. 

 (Sr nia'] cm t< ,iv. r .IV.niii inn, ho may (I grant) be a brave man ; 

 wli. ..i- being a brave man is a thing con- 



ceded. Kimlrod to this are the other significations (chance, 

 nmtiun, wi.sh, eto.) usually attributed to this verb ; thus, tt 

 Me teamen, it ,,n ikt rain ; that is, the causes that seem to for- 

 bid are likely not to operate ; i(t> modjte tt bq>i'tiftln, I am dig- 

 . . t, it; that is, 1 might doubt it alto- 

 it lor certain oironmstanoes seeming to forbid ; im-qe tt 

 ttr Yimmel .( l\-:i, ,/,<.;/ Heaven grant it; id; mag tt niitjt tbun, I do 

 not /(A to do it, that is, I am not permitted by my feelings to 

 h-fiiiilly, eto. 



(5.) 1'iuffcn, to be obliged, must. 



IND. Pret. 3d; mup, tu miifit, er map ; roir muffen. ib,t miipt, fie 

 inriiKii -Imp. 3d; mupte, tu mupttft, et muptt ; wit mujiten, ityt 

 miiHti-i. IU- in pten. Per/. 3d; Ijabt gtmupt ; wir b,aben gemupt Plup. 

 lutte ijcimipt ; n>ir fatten gemupt First Put. 3d; werte muffen ; 

 loir iwrrcn muffen. Second Fut. 3d; wcrte gcmu^t b.abcn ; wir werten 

 vjctiuiHt haben. 



SUB. Pret. 3d; miiffe, tu miiffeft. er muffe ; wit mfiffen, ibr mitffet, 

 fie muffen. Imp. 3d; inflate, tu mfiptefl, tr imtpte ; wir mitpten, if)t 

 muptet, fte miipten. Per/. 3$ babe gemupt ; roir baben gemujit. Plup. 

 3$ b^tte gemuiit ; wir batten gemupt First Put. 3d; werte ntuffen ; 

 wir wtrten miifftn. Second Fat. 3d; werte gemufjt tyaben ; wit wertcn 

 gcniupt baben. 



COND. First Put. 3d; wiirte mufftn ; rote >i iirten mufjen. Second 

 Fut. 3d; wurre gtmujit babtn , roir wurten gtmupt tyaben 



INF. Pres. >JMuffeii, to be obliged. Per/. (VJemujit b,abcn, to have 

 been obliged. 



PART. Prcs. 2)iiiffent, being obliged. Pec/. cmupt, obliged. 



REMARKS ON OWufftn. The German mufftn and the English 

 must are very nearly equivalents. The predominant power of 

 the word is everywhere that of obligation or necessity, and this 

 I '. 'ing kept in mind, it will often be convenient to employ in 

 translating it such words as be obliged, am to, have need to, and 

 the like. Often an infinitive is understood with it ; as, id; mup 

 jiirucf, I must (go) back. 



(6.) oflen, to be obliged. 



IND. Pres. 3$ foil, bu follf}, cr foil ; mtr foUen, i(>r fottt, fte fo((en. 

 Imp. 3$ foUtt, tu foMttft, trfolltt; wit foflttn, i^r folltrt, fit foflten 

 Per/. 3c^ ^be gtfoKt ; mir ^iben gtfoHt. Plup. 3cfr ^attt gtfoUt ; wir 

 ^atttn gtfollt. First Fut. 3c$ mettt fodtn ; wit lottttn fofltn. Second 

 Fut. 3$ wtrtt gtfoUt ^abtn ; wit wctK-n gcfoUt babtn. 



SUB. Pres. 3$ foflt, tu foKeft, tt fellt, wit foatn, i&t foHet, fie fo((en. 

 Imp. 3$ follte, tu fodteft, ft fuUte ; wit fottttn, i^t foltten, fie fottten. 

 Per/. 3<$ babe gtfollt ; mtt ^abtn gtfoRt. Plup. 3dj ^Jtte gefollt ; wit 

 ^Atttn gtfollt. First Fut. 3$ wtrte fofltn; wit wttttn foUtn. Second 

 Fut. 3$ wette gefollt Ijaben ; wit wttttn gefoflt ^aben. 



COND. First Fut. 3$ tourte foflen ; wit witrten foflen. Second 

 Fut. 3$ wurte gefollt f^aben ; wit wutren gefollt Ijaben. 



INF. Pres. cllen, to be obliged. Per/. efoltt l;aben, to have 

 been obliged. 



PART. Pres. Soflent, being obliged. Per/. cfoflt, obliged. 



REMARKS ON Sollen. The primary and prevalent use of 

 -foflen is to indicate obligation or command. What particular 

 word or phrase shall be employed to translate it, in any given 

 case, must be determined by circumstances. The following 

 -axainples will be sufficient to show this : 



$>u follft ba tf;un, thou art to (i.e., art commanded to) do 



that. 



fit foil gefyen, he is to (i.e., is bidden to) go. 

 Soil tfty t Ijabtn ? am I to have it. 

 S)te glotte foil gef^lagen wotben fttn, the fleet is said or reported 



to be beaten. 

 2ie fofltn ibn nufjt beleibigt l;aben, yon are supposed or admired 



not to have offended him. 

 5D.i fofl ttr ut ? what means the hat ? 

 UBtnn er fommen fotttt, fo will tcf tt if;m fagen, if he should come 



I will tell him so. 

 So with an infinitive understood ; Wa foil ic$ ? what am I to 



(do) ? wa fol( ba ? what signifies that ? (i.e., supplying 



fttn, what is that to be f) 

 fft wttp ntc^t, wa tr tb,un fpd, he does not know what to 



do. 



(7.) Oiffm, to know. 



IND. Pret. 34 nwij, tu weifi, er meif ; wir wiffm, for tvtfe, fk 

 ittffen. Imp. 3$ nmfitr. lu wugteft, rr n u*tr . iwt wuittn, i^r en, 

 fit wujttn Per/. 3<^ ^abt qta-UBt ; it batxn gnmiit Plup. 3^ 

 batti gtioujt ; wtr b.atltn gnoupt. Fint Put. 3$ went wiffrn, ir mr. 

 ten nifftn. Second Put. 3$ wettt gtwupt fyibtn ; ir mtntn gtwufi 

 ^abtn. 



SUB. Pre. 3<* wifft, tu wnTtft. er aifft . tr wifTtn. ifrr wffrt, fU 

 wifftn. Imp. 3$ rouBtt, tu wupttft, tr wujtt ; wit muttn, ibt wufttt. 

 fit wiittn. Per/. 3^ b,abe gt-tugt ; wit t>abtn geroust 

 battt geiout , wtr Bitten gcttu&t First Fut. 3^ twrte nnfftn ; wit 

 irtrttn wtfftn Second Fut. 3^ went gtwujit f;ab*n ; wit wmen gt. 

 wupt b,abtn. 



COND. First Fut. 3d> wurtt wifftn ; wit wurttn wiffen. Second 

 Put. 3$ wurtt gtwujit baben , wir wiirtcn gtroupt b,aben. 



IMP. Pres. 2Biffe (tu), wiffe et ; wiffeit wit, iffet (ib,t), wiffen fit. 



INF. Pres. Sffliffen, to know. Per/. ewu|t Ijabtn, to have known. 



PART. Prcs. 3Btfftnt, knowing. Per/, twupt, known. 



(8.) ffiolltn, to be willing. 



IND. Pres. 3<$ will, tu wiflfl, tr will , wit woflen, ifjr rocllt, fU 

 woflen Imp. 3d) nolltt, tu woUteft, er wollte ; wir icoUten, ifjt woUttt, 

 fte wcllten. Perf. 3* f?abe gewoflt ; wit ^obtn gtwcllt. Piup. 3^ l>atu 

 gtwoflt ; wit b.atttn gtwollt. Firs* Fut. 3$ wme wollen ; wit werttn 

 wollen. Second Put. 3c$ wette gewollt b.abeit, wit werttn gewcllt 

 b,.iben 



SUB. Pres. 3d; wolle. tu wolleft, er wofle ; wit wollen, ib,r wclltt, fu 

 woflen. Imp. 3d; wollte, tu woflteft, et wollte ; wit wollten, ifjt wcfltet, 

 fie woflten. Per/. 3^ ^abe gewoflt, wit fjaben gewollt. Plup. 3d; ^dtt< 

 gewoflt , wir batten gewoflt. First Fut. 3d; wtrte wofltn ; wtr merit 

 woflen Second Fut. 3d; werte geweflt ^abtn ; wir werttn gewolit 

 Ijabcn. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; wutbe woflen ; wit wurten wolltn. Second 

 Fut. 3d; wuttt gtwotlt Ijaben ; wit wutten gewollt b.abtn. 



IMP. Pres. 2Bc(le, woflet. 



INF. Pres. 2Boflen, to be willing. Per/. twollt ^abtn, to have 

 been willing. 



PART. Pres. SBofltnb, willing. Per. twollt, willed. 



REMARKS ON SBofltn. 2Bo(len implies future purpose; thus, 

 id; wifl gefjtn, I will (to) go, i.e., my purpose is to go. The ex- 

 pression of mere futurity would be, id; wtrtt gtb,tn. Kindred to 

 this is another signification of wollen ; as, er will tut gt febe n b.iben, 

 he wills to have seen you, that is, he will have it, or affirm^ 

 that he saw you. 



EXAMPLES FURTHER ILLUSTRATING THE USES OF THB 



PRECEDING VERBS. 



3d; rarf e tb,un. I am allowed to do it. 



turfte wob,l gcfd;eb,en. It might easily happen. 



X>u tatfft e nut fottern. You need only ask for it. 



ffr fann weter lefen nod; fd;rtibtn. He can neither read nor write, 



3d; fann mid; irten. ' I may be mistaken. 



3d; fonnte tljn md;t wrfteTjtn. I could not understand him. 



flonnen @te b. tutt ju mir fommtit ? Can yon come to me to-day ? 



3d; mag ba nid;t. I do not like that. 



3d; mod;te getn wiffen, witviel Utyt I should like to know what 



tt tft. o'clock it is. 



3d; mod;te wo^l etwa bacon fjaben. I should like to have some of it 



(J mag fein. It may be. 



3d; mod;te liebtt. I had rather ; I would rather. 



SHoge er lange leben ! Long may he live ! 



3d; mup tt tbun. I must do it. 



(r miijite fid; feine< 'J?fttagen fd;a- He would be ashamed of hie 



men. conduct. 



SWupte tt nidjt fo fommen ? Could it happen otherwise ? 



fficnn id; fterben mupte, wutte id; tt If I had to die, I would not 



itutt tbun. do it. 



3d; wodtt gttnt geben. I would willingly (i.e., would 



like to) go. 



3d; will ju Sufie gefien. I will go on foot. 



3d; woflte, tap wtt gebcn foflten. I was for our going. 



Sic foflen fd;teiben. Ton are to write. 



2Ba< foil ba< Driven ? What does that mean ? 



Oft foil fid; jugttragtn babtn. It is said to have happened. 



Ter Jlonig foil angtfcmmtn fein. The king is said to have arrived. 



2Denn er morgen fterben follte. If he should die to-morrow. 



2Benn ta fo fein follte. If that should be so. 



