154 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



find a Siemens' dynamo machine coupled up by gearing with 

 the boat's propeller. Arranged on either side of it would be 

 seen rows of boxes containing the secondary batteries, which j 

 had received their charge from a stationary dynamo machine I 

 some hours, or perhaps days, before. These batteries give up 

 their stored energy to turning the Siemens' motor, and this in ; 

 turn rotates the screw. So that we have all the advantages of 

 a steam launch, without the noise, smoke, smell, and dirt, and 

 with far more available space. At first sight such a system 

 seems perfection, but we must not forget that the batteries 

 require charging at intervals of a few hours, and that at present j 

 the boat must return to the one station where conveniences 

 exist for the purpose. The same arrangement of parts is 

 fallowed on the electrical tramcar, but electrical railways are 

 worked upon a different method. 



In the electrical railway first constructed at Berlin by 

 Dr. Siemens, the rails were carefully insulated from one 

 another, and actually formed cables by which the current from a 

 stationary dynamo machine could be conveyed to and from the 

 travelling one representing the locomotive. But in more recent 

 schemes, a separate conductor is placed at the side of the rail- 

 way, with a sliding attachment from the locomotive, the rails 

 acting only as conductors for the return current. In the north j 

 of Ireland, a railway on this principle which, when completed, [ 

 will be twelve miles long is now in course of construction, and j 

 its progress and working will be watched with great interest. 

 In one respect it illustrates how power can be economically 

 transmitted by electricity from one district to another. The 

 power represented by a natural waterfall is to be utilised in 

 turning a water-wheel, which will give motion to a stationary 

 dynamo machine. It is this machine which will be in connec- 

 tion with the railway, thus utilising a source of energy too often 

 allowed to run to waste. It is obvious that there are many 

 such sources of unused power in this and other countries, 

 which could be brought by means of copper cables and dynamo 

 machines to industrial centres. 



LESSONS IN" LATIN. LIV. 



GOVERNMENT OF THE CASES (continued). 



THE ABLATIVE. 



As the idea conveyed by the accusative case ia that of motion 

 towards an object, so the ablative denotes motion from an 

 object, and generally answers to the question whence ? But 

 the question whence ? may involve the source or cause, so that 

 the ablative is the case of the cause or instrument. Hence the 

 relations expressed by our prepositions from, by, with (and 

 other relations), are contained in the ablative. But to speak in 

 detail : 



As the fundamental idea of the ablative is that which is con- 

 Teyed by our out of, or from, so the ablative is used in Latin 

 after verbs of motion in names of cities, small islands, penin- 

 sulas ; as also in domus, rus, and humus ; as 



Dionysius Platonem Athenis aroessivit, 

 Kioni/siiix invited Plato from Athens. 



Observe that no preposition is employed. Had it been said that 

 Plato was invited to Athens, the accusative would have been 

 used. 



It may be convenient to put together here the rules relating 

 to names of place. The idea of place implies the relation 

 where, whither, and whence. A man may be at or in a place, 

 hence the question where ? where is he? A man may go to a 

 place whither? A man may come from a place whence? 

 The following, then, are the rules first without a preposi- 

 tion : 



1. The question where ? requires (1) names of cities in the 

 singular number of the first and the second declension to be in 

 the genitive ; as, Romae, at Rome ; Corinthi, at Corinth ; (2) but 

 all others in the ablative; as, Athenis, at Athens. 



2. The question ivhither ? requires the accusative constantly ; 

 as, Romam, to Rome; Sardes, to Sardis; Lacedaemonem, to 

 Lacedemon. 



3. The question whence ? requires the ablative constantly ; 

 ;as, Roma, from Rome; Corintho, from Corinth; Athenis, from 

 Athens. 



Domus and rus, in the relations implied by all the three 

 questions, are constructed according to the analogy of names of 



cities or towns ; thus, domi is at home ; doinum, home, as he 

 goes home ; domo, from home. In the same way, ruri is in the 

 country ; rus, into the country ; rure, from the country. By 

 the same analogy, humi means on the ground ; belli domique, 

 in war (abroad) and at home ; or, as we say, at homo and 

 abroad. Sometimes the phrase stands thus domi bellique ; 

 also domi militiasque. Belli and militias are separately found 

 without domi. 



Secondly, prepositions are employed with names of places in 

 these instances : 



1. When an appellative or general noun, such as urbs, oppi- 

 dum, locus, is added ; as, ex oppido Gergoviil, from the town 

 Gergovia. A noun in apposition to the genitive of place stands 

 either with or, what is more common, without in. 



2. If the direction whence and whither is put in strong con- 

 trast ; as, usque a Dianio ad Sinopem navigarunt, they sailed 

 all the way from Dianium to Sinope". 



3. When only a part of a city or its suburbs aro meant ; as, 

 Libo discessit a Brundisio, Libo departed from the port of Brun- 

 disium. 



4. When origin in a place is denoted, in which case ab is 

 used with the ablative ; as, Volsci obsides dant trecentos prin- 

 cipum a Cora, atque Pometiu, liberos -that is, natives of Cora, 

 etc. With domus, prepositions are used when not the home, 

 but the house, building, or family is meant ; as, in domo furtum 

 factum est ab eo qui domi fuit, in the house a robbery ivas com 

 mitted by him who was at home. 



As place, or a point in space, so a point of time, or time when 

 considered as a point, requires the ablative ; as 

 Time ichen. Color lusciuiarum autumno mutatur, 



The colour of nightingales changes in autumn. 



From the ablative of place arises the ablative of the cause 

 out of which anything springs. The ablative of the cause 

 occurs in connection with verbs and adjectives, pointing out the 

 source, the means, the instrument, and even the manner in or 

 by which a thing takes place or an action is done. In general, 

 this is called " the ablative of the cause, manner, and instru- 

 ment ;" by which you are to understand that a noun expressive 

 of either the cause, the manner, or the instrument is put in the 

 ablative case ; as 



Cause. Darius senectute diem obiit supremum, 



Darius came to his end by reason of old age, 

 Manner. Injuria fit duobus modis, aut i>i aut/raude, 



An injury is done in. tico ways, eit/tcr by force or fraud. 

 Instrument. Ferce domantur fame atque verberibus, 



Wild beasts are tamed by hunger and stripes. 



An accompanying circumstance is also put in the ablative. 

 This usage is very similar to the ablative of manner ; as 



Id cequo animo non feret civitas, the city will not bear that patiently. 



The quality of an object ia, moreover, put in the ablative. 

 This is called the ablative of quality ; as 



Quality. Legiones sunt alacri animo, the legions are of lively spirits. 

 With the ablative of quality, the genitive of quality is nearly 

 related ; but the latter seems to denote what is essential, the 

 former what is accidental ; the latter internal, the former ex- 

 ternal qualities. The distinction, however, is not always 

 traceable. 



Especially is the ablative of the means required by these 

 verbs and adjectives ; namely, to gift with, to supply with, to 

 present, load, etc. ; as, donare, instruere, ornare, juvare, preditus, 

 onustus, etc. ; as 



Means. Onerare naves commeatu, stipendio, armis, 



To load the vessels with provisions, pay, arms. 



There is also the ablative of price employed with verbs 

 denoting to buy or sell, when the exact sum paid is mentioned , 

 as 



Price. Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates veudidit, 



Isocrafes sold one oration for twenty talents. 



The price, also, when in a figurative sense, is put in the 

 ablative ; as 



Multo sanguine Pcenis victoria stetit, 



The victory cost tlie Carthaginians -much bload. 



The deponents fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor, together with 

 their compounds, require their object in the ablative case ; a 

 Sapiens ratione optitae utitur, 

 The wise man employs reason in the best manner. 



