164 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



INVARIABLE WORDS. 



The words which we have hitherto studied are susceptible of 

 certain changes. We come next to words which do not undergo 

 change, or undergo change only to a small extent. Many of 

 these have occurred in the course of these lessons. Neverthe- 

 less, invariable or uninflected words must be put together and 

 spoken of specifically. 



PBEPOSITIONS. 



The prepositions require careful study, as on them, as well as 

 on other invariable verbs, the sense very much depends, and 

 you will be ignorant of some of the most delicate shades of 

 meaning, and unaware of many an elegance, if you do not 

 familiarise your mind with the import and the usage of the 

 ) prepositions and the conjunctions particularly. 



Prepositions have a relation to place, and denote the direc- 

 tion of an action in regard to place. Thus, I say " you go from 

 home," " you go to home," "you go round the house," "you go 

 over the wall." In order, therefore, to your possessing an exact 

 knowledge of the prepositions, of which there are in Greek 

 eighteen, you must study them in their relation to place. 



The Prepositions arranged in their Relations to Place. 



RELATIONS TO PLACE. GREEK. ENGLISH. 



1. Place where you are. 



2. Place whither you go 



3. Place whence yoc come 



4. Place through which you 



pass. 



5. Place at which you stop 



down which you go 

 0. Different relations of position 



8. Kara. 



Place by the side of 



,, together with 



,, connected with 



,, over 



., under 



,, before 



on both sides 



,, around 



,, on or upon 



7. Opposition, displacement. 



9. irapa, 



10. fJifTU, 



11. ffvv and w 



12. VTTfp, 



13. VTTO, 



14. ifpo, 



15. au<pi, 



16. ttfpi, 

 1.17. MI, 



18. avn, 



down, at, on. 



along. 



with. 



with. 



over, above. 



under, by. 



before. 



around. 



on. 



( against. 

 I instead of. 



The following six words may also be considered aa preposi- 

 tions; namely, artp, avev, without; tvtKa, on account of; axpi, 

 Hfx/"> U P to, until; ir\i)v, but, except. 



Prepositions are very frequently used in combination with 

 verbs. Such verbs are then said to be compounded with prepo- 

 sitions. Thus, by the addition of the proposition en, into, to 

 the simple verb ayca, I lead, we get the compound verb eiffayca, 

 I lead into. More than one preposition may combine with a 

 verb ; for example 



e|ayo>, / lead out (an army from its camp). 

 /rapf^ayca, I lead out (an army against the enemy). 

 avTnrapf^ayca, I lead out (an army and march it to assail the 

 enemy). 



ADVEEBS. 



Among the invariable or indeclinable words are adverbs. 

 Adverbs qualify action in regard to 



1. Place. 



5. Interrogation. 



6. Affirmation. 



7. Negation. 



8. Doubt. 



2. Time. 



3. Manner or quality. 



4. Quantity. 



1. Adverbs of Place. 



One kind of adverbs of place is derived from the prepositions. 

 The following will serve as examples : 



PEEPOSITIONS. ADVEEBS. MEANINO. 



2. eis, 



3. TTpQS, 



4. {, 



Cl'TOS, 



ftffca, 



Trpoffca, 



euros, 



within. 



ivithin (with motion). 

 forwards, in advance. 



> outwards, externally. 

 These adverbs are often found before a genitive, and ao per- 



form the part of prepositions ; for example, iroppw rr)s iro\as t 

 far from the city ; fi<r<a rov xopoKoj, within the entrenchments. 



The following also may have a genitive ; and others, which 

 will be learned by practice as TTJAS, far off; iff pa and irfpav, on 

 the other side of (a river); x w P ls > separately; ireAas, fyyvs, 

 ay xt, near. 



There is another kind of adverbs which, by means of certain 

 terminations, express the different relations of place : 



PLACE WHERE YOU ARE. PLACE WHITHER YOU GO. 



irov, iroOi, where ? irol, vofff, whither ? 



fKfi, fKf?9t, there. fKftfff, thither. 



OIKOI, oiKoQi, at home. oiKuvSf, home. 



at Athens. a\\o<re, somewhere else. 



A07jcae, to Athens. 



PLACE THROUGH WHICH YOU PASS. 



TTTJ, by what way. . 

 fKftvri, by that way. 



aAAjj, by some other way. 



From this view you see that the terminations or particles 

 ov, Oi, 01, <ri, denote the place where you are. 



Se, fff, e, and sometimes 01 ., whither you go. 



fa" whence you come. 



J7 ,, ,, through which you 



pass. 



Ov is the termination of the genitive ; thus, irov representa 

 eiri irov roTtov, in what place ? 



Oi is the old form of the dative, so that OIKOI is for tv OIKC?. 



Mr)vi)ffi is for AQrjvats, the dative of Mfivai. This ending 

 applies particularly to the names of cities. 



&fv appears to be an ancient form of the genitive. The 

 poets say <rt6fv for trov, of thee ; thus oiicodev is equivalent to 

 e{ OIKOV. 



He is the termination of the dative, o5y being understood ; 

 thus aAAjj is for av a.\\ri o8<p, by another way. 



2. Adverbs of Time. 

 The principal adverbs of time are the following : 



PLACE WHENCE YOU COME. 



fv, whence. 

 thence. 

 , from home. 



a\\oQtv, from some other place. 

 , from Athens. 



er, yet, still. 



aprt, lately, but now. 



avrtKa, immediately. 



TOTS, then. 



irorf, some time. 



6afj.a, often. 



att, always, successively. 



ovirorf, never. 



irpiv, previously, before. 



fira, next, then. 



ffri/j.fpoi/, to-day (from r)fj.fpa, a 



avpiov, to-morrow. [day). 



X#, yesterday. 



jrpoOfs, the day before yesterday. 



irpwi, in the morning. 



01^6, in the evening. 



fvv, vwi, now. 



iroAcw, of old, formerly. 



oviru, not yet. 



vSri, by this time. 



3. Adverbs of Quality. 



Adverbs of quality end in us, and correspond to our adverbs 

 in ly : ffocpas, wisely; irfirai8(v/j.fi>vs, learnedly; tv8ai/j.ovus. 

 fortunately. 



To this class maybe referred ovrus (before a consonant ouru), 

 thus, in this way, from ouros; eKtivws, in that way, from tKftvos, 

 tha.t person ; and in general all the adverbs ending in us. 



Others have the form of the genitive or dative of the first 

 declension : 



(rjs (from obsolete nominatives), forthwith, 

 ftitrj, ,, by chance, 



fiffuxy (from fjffvxos), peacefully. 



Usage has suppressed the iota subscript as found in favxy 

 &Stl>. Other adverbs of quality have the terminations ti, ri, <rn, 

 and consequently resemble datives of the third declension : 



iravSrifj.fi, en masse, the whole people. 



a^uax^Tt, without combat. 



eAATjno-Tj, in the Greek language or manner. 



Some have the form of accusatives : 



fj-arrfv (nominative obsolete), in vain. 

 Swpfav gratuitously. 



Those of this division in 5ov and Sriv correspond with the 

 Latin adverbs in tim : 

 ay f \rioov (gregatim), by flocks. Kpvfttiriv (furtim), secretly. 



